volition Flashcards
what is introspection philosophy?
- external world has an impact on me > I think therefore I am (starting point of reflection) > I can have an effect on the external world
- this was a dualist perspective - spiritual matter and external world (physical matter)
how did researchers start to measure RT and accuracy?
- light > Eye > Detection > Identification > Action Selection > Muscles > Key (Donders)
- can start to estimate the duration of these stages
- and if they happen at the same time or in parallel etc. (McLelland)
- there is no presence of the subject, do not ask how they feel during the task
how can objective measures be measured?
through fast RTs and accuracy
how can subjective measures be measured?
asking about conscious perception, where you on task (domain of metacognition) and did you feel the conscious intention of pressing that button (volition)
are objective and subjective measures related?
YES
are objective and subjective measures reduntant?
- NO
- are incongruent and can be dissociated
what was hypothesis 1 of subjective and objective brain states?
- do objective states of my brain-body system influence my subjective states
- subjective state & conscious perception: I see something
- objective state: Light > Eye > Visual Cortex
bullet
hypothesis 1 of subjective and objective brain states: Holmes et al., (1918)?
- investigated people with bullet holes to the back of the brain where the visual cortex is
- measured where hole was and which part of visual field became blind
- loss of neurons in the visual cortex leads to loss of conscious visual experience
to what extent brain states determine subjective states?
- tinkering with brain integrity or activity has a direct causal effect on subjective states
- choices that are perceived as endogenous can have a measurable effect on the brain
- affects the content of conscious sensory experience
- affects the subjective urge to move
what did Hoggard (2019) say volition is?
volition refers to a capacity for endogenous action, particularly goal-directed endogenous action, shared by humans and some other animals
IG,DC,GD,S,SE
what are the 5 elements of volition?
- internal generation
- decisional control
- goal directedness
- sponaneity
- subjective experience
is internal generation volitional?
- YES
- not externally Triggered
- not governed by immediacy of sensory input or motor output
- does not mean that the action occurs out of nothing but rather it’s related to many things
- out of nothing = unrelated to a change in brain activity
goal directedness: what makes an act volitional?
- an action is volitional to the extent that it does not occur stereotypically, routinely, and automatically
- in this contrast, what makes an act volitional is its origin in a specific decision that this action is appropriate in the current context
how to define spontaneity?
an apparently aimless generativity of action, without reasons and without specifically intended reward
how to define subjective experience?
for an act to be volitional, one must be aware that one is acting and aware of initiating one’s act
