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PS2023 - Thinking, Emotion & Consciousness > eye gaze > Flashcards

eye gaze Flashcards

1
Q

are eyes the most informative part of the face?

A

YES

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2
Q

what is the triangle method when looking at images?

A

people look at eyes and then down to mouth

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3
Q

what can eye gaze tells us about another person?

A
  • signals where someone is looking, where they are directing attention
  • direct gaze (when someone looks directly at us) can signal approach – interest in positive or negative social interaction
  • when someone looks away from us, they are shifting their attention to something else in environment
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4
Q

does gaze carry info about a person’s mental state?

A

YES

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5
Q

what is joint attention?

A
  • humans have strong tendency to orient attention to where other people are looking
  • joint attention is ability to use gesture and eye contact to coordinate attention with another person to share experience of object/event
  • develops very early in infancy
  • may act as a precursor to theory-of-mind
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6
Q

what is direct gaze?

A
  • babies as young as 4 days prefer direct to averted gaze
  • increase in direct gaze when trying to be persuasive or deceptive
  • increase in direct gaze when trying to make friends
  • speakers who make eye contact rated more pleasant and less nervous
  • increases attractiveness and likeability ratings
  • can also be a sign of aggression, dominance, threat
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7
Q

is eye contact an approach signal?

A

YES

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8
Q

what is averted gaze?

A
  • signals attention oriented elsewhere
  • important cue for info in environment
  • associated with disinterest and deceptiveness or being untrustworthy
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9
Q

why are humans good at eye gaze direction?

A
  • because humans have big contrast between white and coloured bit in eye
  • human eye also wider vs animals
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10
Q

effect of eye gaze on facial expression study: Adams & Kleck (2003)?

A
  • showed pp’s with diff emotion faces (direct or averted gaze)
  • direction of gaze and processing of facial expression can interact with each other
  • anger recognised faster with direct gaze and fear with averted gaze
  • this has to do with the fact that anger and DG are approach signals and fear and AS are avoidance signals
  • approach vs avoidance (e.g. also joy/direct gaze - as both approach; sadness /averted gaze - as both avoidance)
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11
Q

what is the effect of facial expression on eye gaze study: Ewbank et al., (2009)?

A
  • repeated Adams & Kleck (2003) but opposite direction
  • label gaze direction when presented with different emotions
  • had to categorise face as direct or averted effect of facial expression on ability to categorise gaze direction
  • angry faces perceived as looking at observer over wider range
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12
Q

what is gaze cueing?

A

tend to orient our attention to where someone else is looking

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13
Q

how to study gaze cueing?

A
  • Posner style cueing paradigm (have direct gazing face > then face with averted gaze > then target that is either congruent/incongruent with gaze direction)
  • if there is a cueing effect, people should be faster to detect target when gaze is congruent with target
  • eye gaze looking at target, faster to detect target
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14
Q

what was the study that looked at if gaze cueing was automatic or volitional?

A
  • Driver et al., (1999)
  • gaze cueing paradigm
  • pp’s discriminate whether T or L presented in periphery and had gaze cues
  • presented at 100, 300 or 700ms after face presented
  • averted gaze cues trigger automatic shift of attention, even when observer trying to ignore cue
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15
Q

what is top-down modulation of gaze cueing?

A

top-down modulation of mental state attribution affects rapid, reflexive components of gaze following

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16
Q

top-down modulation of gaze cueing study: Teufel et al., (2010)?

A
  • model providing gaze cued was wearing one of two types of goggles
  • one set transparent, one set opaque
  • so pp’s think model can either see or not through the goggles
  • bigger cueing effect when model wearing seeing-goggles
17
Q

what is the difference between the top-down modulation of gaze cueing study (Teufel et al., 2010) and Driver et al., (1999)?

A

only difference is what the observer believes about model (can see or not)

18
Q

what are the brain mechanisms involved in processing eye gaze?

A
  • studies in macaques in STS
  • cells in superior temporal sulcus responsive to faces or heads, also sensitive to head orientation
  • subset of cells sensitive to both head orientation and also sensitive to gaze direction
  • sensitive to direction of attention
19
Q

what is the pSTS involved in - eye gaze?

A
  • pSTS also involved in gaze processing, but not as a function of gaze direction
  • pSTS seems involved when different gaze directions signal different social intentions
20
Q

how is the amygdala involved in gaze processing?

A
  • greater amygdala response for direct relative to averted gaze
  • patient S.M. (amygdala lesions) does not look at eyes in social interaction
  • amygdala important for automatic orienting of attention towards the eyes on face
  • ‘threat-monitoring’ role – importance of eye gaze
21
Q

how is the mPFC involved in gaze processing?

A

mPFC important for self-relevant communicative signals

22
Q

what are the 2 brain networks that underlie processing for eye gaze?

A
  • aSTS (gaze direction) and IFC (orienting of spatial attention)
  • network for gaze as an environmental cue
  • also send signals to pSTS to extract social meaning from gaze signals
23
Q

what 3 regions support extracting mental state from gaze?

A
  • pSTS
  • AMY
  • mPFC
24
Q

how does autism affect eye gaze?

A
  • reduced eye contact
  • absence of joint attention
25
Q

how do autistic children extract social info from eye gaze?

A

understand that someone is looking down but do not know the meaning of them looking down, do not infer it as they are looking down at something that they want (e.g., child looking at sweets image)

26
Q

how does the pSTS behave in autism?

A
  • no difference in response to different gaze target congruency
  • do not discriminate between 2 types of gaze
  • not sensitive to social component associated with eye gaze
27
Q

what differences in eye gaze/processing do children with autism have?

A
  • reduced eye contact considered a diagnostic factor
  • no differences in detecting direction of gaze
  • don’t extract the same social meaning from gaze
28
Q

are the regions involved in eye gaze processing also the regions involved in mental state attribution?

A

YES

PS2023 - Thinking, Emotion & Consciousness (19 decks)

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