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ps2023 - thinking, emotion & consciousness > face perception > Flashcards

face perception Flashcards

1
Q

why should we study faces?

A
  • provide us with huge amount of info about another person
  • make a lot of judgements from info from faces
  • faces are a cues we encounter most frequently in our lives
  • e.g., gender, age, emotion, do we recognise them, social info like where someone is looking, if we think someone is trustworthy, or who could be the next president etc.
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2
Q

what was the case study P.S.?

A
  • acquired prosopagnosia (form of prosopagnosia)
  • due to damage to temporal and occipital lobes, following rehabilitation
  • was unable to recognise her own face after being hit by bus in London
  • she relies on cues such as accessories they wear and their voice
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3
Q

what was Bruce & Young (1986) cognitive model of face processing?

A
  • structural encoding where you extract info from face
  • facial identity > each face has facial recognition unit
  • brain interacts with other regions to extract persons name
  • expression is extracted independently from identity
  • identity and expression = 2 diff aspects of face perception
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4
Q

Bruce & Young (1986) cognitive model of face processing: why are there 2 fairly distinct pathways for processing facial identity and expression?

A
  • 2 because of prosopagnosics who are impaired in facial identity recognition but good at facial expression recognition
  • so they have to be distinct pathways
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4
Q

identity vs expression?

A
  • identity is a fixed characteristic
  • expression is a changeable feature
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4
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A
  • damage to occipitotemporal cortex (acquired prosopagnosia)
  • unable to recognise familiar faces, including family, friends and even one’s own face
  • no impairments in identity of familiar people; use other cues like voice, name
  • ability to recognise and name other objects is fine
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5
Q

within B&Y’s model, prosopagnosic deficit is located where?

A

at face recognition unit stage

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6
Q

what is the neural basis of face perception?

A
  • occipital love = primary, visual cortex
  • info processed from eyes
  • info travels down into inferotemporal cortex via ventral visual stream or up into posterior parietal cortex via dorsal visual stream
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7
Q

what is the dorsal visual stream?

A

concerned with locating objects; ‘where’ pathway; occipital to parietal lobes

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8
Q

what is the ventral visual stream?

A
  • ventral visual stream: face perception, concerned with identifying objects; ‘what’ pathway; occipital to temporal lobes
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9
Q

where in the brain does face perception mostly take place?

A

inferotemporal cortex

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10
Q

what is the fusiform face area (FFA)?

A
  • brain region specialised for face processing
  • people in scanner shown faces and compared that to brain activity when people shown objects
  • compare which areas are more active when shown faces
  • very active within fusiform gyrus = FFA when shown faces vs objects
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11
Q

FFA: in what hemisphere is the response stronger?

A

RIGHT

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12
Q

are face-sensitive areas in brain defined anatomically?

A
  • NO
  • defined FUNCTIONALLY
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13
Q

what are 3 face-sensitive areas in brain?

A
  • OFA (occipital face area)
  • FFA
  • STS
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14
Q

give some facts about OFA?

A
  • specialised for faces
  • physical aspects of stimuli
  • located in inferior occipital gyrus
  • early stage of face perception
  • sends input to fusiform and superior temporal regions
  • defined by greater response to faces than non-face categories
  • responds to upright and inverted faces
  • sensitive to physical changes in stimulus
15
Q

give some facts about FFA?

A
  • specialised for faces
  • invariant aspects of faces (identity)
  • located in fusiform gyrus
  • defined by greater response to face vs other non-face categories
  • responds more to upright faces
  • sensitive to changes in identity, relatively insensitive to physical changes
  • acquired prosopagnosia usually due to lesions in or around FFA because impairment in extracting facial identity which this area is interested in
16
Q

give some facts about STS?

A
  • responds to faces and bodies
  • dynamic stimuli, changeable aspects of faces (e.g., expression)
  • located in superior temporal sulcus
  • responds to faces, but also to other stimuli like bodies, eye gaze
  • changeable aspects of faces (viewpoint, gaze direction, expression), but not identity
  • responds to moving bodies and to changes in gaze direction
17
Q

what are the OFA and FFA interested in specifically?

A
  • OFA = changeable aspects of face
  • FFA = insensitive to changeable aspects but sensitive to changes in identity
18
Q

what were the findings relating to OFA and FFA during Rotschtein et al., (2005) Thatcher and Monroe study?

A
  • greater signal change in OFA when physical properties were changed as neurons tuned to physical features in face
  • greater signal change in FFA when perceived identity changed as adaptation for both conditions because identity repeated for both conditions
19
Q

what model Haxby, Hoffmann & Gobbini (2000) come up with: core face perception system?

A
  • neural system for face perception
  • core face perception system which includes:
  • inferior occipital gyri: early perception of facial features
  • superior temporal sulcus: changeable aspects of faces - perception of eye gaze, expression and lip movement
  • lateral fusiform gyrus: invariant aspects of faces - perception of unique identity
  • interacts and feeds forward to extended system which deals with further processing with other neural systems
20
Q

What model Haxby, Hoffmann & Gobbini (2000) come up with: extended face perception system?

A
  • extended system which deals with further processing with other neural systems and includes:
  • intraparietal sulcus: spatially directed attention
  • auditory cortex: prelexical speech perception
  • amygdala, insula, limbic system: emotion
  • anterior temporal: personal identity, name and biographical info
21
Q

Haxby, Hoffmann & Gobbini (2000) how does info travel between OFA, FFA and STS?

A
  • info from primary visual cortex travels to OFA and then info sent to FFA where identity extracted and at the same time info is sent directly from OFA to STS to extract expression etc.
  • idea that there are 2 pathways for identity and expression
22
Q

what does the expertise-hypothesis argue?

A

face-specific mechanisms are highly specialised for distinguishing between exemplars of a category

23
Q

what would be the case if expertise hypothesis was true?

A

if we had similar expertise in a non-face category, then same processing mechanisms would be engaged

24
Q

what is the face-specificity hypothesis?

A
  • argues that face perception is a process occurring in dedicated, specialised cognitive and neural mechanisms
  • domain specific
25
Q

does the FFA respond more to face or non-face categories?

A

FACE

26
Q

activation to faces is more consistent and much more robust than face-selective activity in ___ and ___?

A

OFA and STS

27
Q

do either of the 2 areas provide evidence that FFA activation to faces supports face-specificity hypothesis?

A

NO

28
Q

FFA - what does the domain-general account (expertise) say?

A
  • faces require discrimination within a category (between one face and another)
  • we become experts at face discrimination through prolonged experience
  • FFA sensitive to expert within-category visual discrimination
  • if we could train people to be experts at another type of discrimination between objects, then we should also see preferential activity in FFA
29
Q

what does the Greebles study show regarding FFA response?

A
  • pp’s undergo extensive training in distinguishing between greebles
  • found increased response in FFA to upright vs inverted greebles
  • similar to face perception in FFA
30
Q

what does the real world expertise show regarding FFA response?

A
  • car experts and bird experts
  • put in scanner and showed them faces, birds, cars and other objects
  • increased FFA response for cars vs birds in car experts and vice versa for bird experts
31
Q

what was the case study R.M?

A
  • prosopagnosic
  • unable to identify himself or his wife
  • collected mini cars (>5000)
  • unimpaired at recognising cars and details between them etc.
  • suggests face perception and within-category expertise are not the same
  • activation we see in FFA in response to faces cannot be due purely to expertise because otherwise R.M. would not be able to identify between another category of objects (his mini cars, in this case)
  • no neuropsychological cases where recognition of faces AND objects of expertise have both been impaired, while recognition of nonexpert objects is spared (or vice versa)
32
Q

is FFA only important for face processing?

A
  • ventral stream important for object processing
  • response to objects in FFA might be important too
  • distribution of responses may contain critical information for discriminating between objects
  • prosopagnosia and visual agnosia (can recognise faces but not objects) speak against this idea
33
Q

why are there 2 models for facial expression and facial identity?

A
  • both models say FE and FI are processed on separate pathways
  • Calder & Young (2005) argue that stage at which bifurcation occurs (where the pathway splits) is later in processing stream
  • maybe pathways are separate but must be some shared pathway at the beginning
34
Q

what did Calder & Young (2005) re-propose about their model?

A
  • after extraction coding, there is some element of overlap between the systems processing identity and expression and it then bifurcates/splits
  • proposed this because to conclusively show expression and identity are on 2 separate pathways, double dissociation needed for separate routes for identity and expression
  • although prosopagnosics are impaired in facial identity recognition, they tend to also be somewhat impaired in facial expression recognition
  • need to have some area of overlap initially before split in 2 pathways
35
Q

how is the emotion response to familiar faces measured?

A
  • emotional response to neutral familiar faces can be measured by skin conductance response (SCR) – automatic and unconscious
  • familiar faces elicit greater SCR than unfamiliar faces
  • patients with prosopagnosia also show increased SCR to familiar faces
  • there may be two pathways to face recognition: one conscious and one unconscious due to CD
36
Q

what is Capgras delusion?

A
  • believe familiar people (sibling, parent, spouse, friend) have been replaced by an imposter
  • able to recognise familiar faces, but no emotional response (no increase in SCR)
  • BUT patients with ventromedial frontal lobe damage have no SCR to familiar faces, and no Capgras delusion
37
Q

Capgras delusion if further evidence for?

A

for dissociation between emotional response to faces and face recognition

ps2023 - thinking, emotion & consciousness (19 decks)

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