evaluation of dom's lectures

Question 1

what is MSM?

Answer 1

• A&S (1968)
• SS - Attention - STM - LTM

Question 2

what affects STM?

Answer 2

• word frequency and concreteness

Question 3

what is a critical part of MSM?

Answer 3

• rehearsal determines if info goes into LTM

Question 4

support for critical part of MSM?

Answer 4

• Rundus (1971)
• pp’s rehearse out loud, more rehearsal = better memory

Question 5

how does awareness and memory affect MSM?

Answer 5

pay attention and rehearse info so it goes into LTM

Question 6

who argued against the need for awareness and memory in MSM?

Answer 6

• Hebb (1961)
• can learn info without awareness
• Hebb repetition effect
• cells that fire together, wire together

Question 7

what is some evaluation of rehearsal being needed for LTM storage?

Answer 7

• Souza & Obeaurer (2018)
• diff number of rehearsals for word lists
• examined performance
• no difference in performance despite big difference
  in rehearsal opportunity

Question 8

what is WMM?

Answer 8

• B & H (1974)
• CE - PL (PS+AL) - V-SS - EB

Question 9

which parts of WMM are important?

Answer 9

• CE (reading)
• PL/(AL)

Question 10

what evidence supports the importance of AL in WMM?

Answer 10

• word length effect
• Baddeley & Thomson & Buchanan (1975)
• performance better for words faster to repeat
• bcos AL is inner voice that rehearses info

Question 11

what is evaluation of the evidence that supports importance of AL in WMM?

Answer 11

• Jalbert et al., (2011)
• short words have more orthographic neighbours
• words with more ON are better remembered so WLE is absent if short and long words have more ON

Question 12

what is the filter theory?

Answer 12

• Broadbent (1958)
• early selection theory
• sensory info - bottleneck
• info selected/filtered out based on physical features
• attention acts on perceptual level

Question 13

what 3 researchers suggest something different to filter theory?

Answer 13

• Moray (1959)
• Gray & Wedderburn (1960)
• Treisman (1960)

Question 14

what does Moray (1958) suggest?

Answer 14

• introduced name of pp into non-repeated ear
• 33% of pp’s detected their name (semantic characteristics)

Question 15

what do Gray & Wedderburn (1960) suggest?

Answer 15

• meaningful sentence played and alternated between both ears but could report it correctly
• suggests filter elsewhere which poses problem to FT
• pp can select info based on semantic property of stimuli

Question 16

what does Treisman (1960) suggest?

Answer 16

• meaningful message switched between shadowed and non-shadowed ear
• some still listen to it even if it is non-shadowed
• selection of info is flexible so need new theory

Question 17

what is the attenuation theory?

Answer 17

• Tresiman (1964)
• early selection theory
• sensory info - attenuator
• info attenuated and selected based off semantic selection criteria

Question 18

what is Deutsch & D. Deutsch (1963) theory?

Answer 18

• late selection theory
• all info is processed to completely (physical properties and meaning) without attenuation
• the bottleneck (capacity limitation) is in the response system, not the perceptual system

Question 19

who tested all 3 attention system theories?

Answer 19

Wood & Cowan (1995)

Question 20

which 2 features did Wood & Cowan (1995) want to test to see which of the 3 theories was correct?

Answer 20

• introducing pp’s name in irrelevent chanel
• monitoring % of shadowing errors

Question 21

what did Broadbent (1958) predict would happen in Wood & Cowan (1995) study?

Answer 21

• only detect name if it was in irrelevant channel
• more shadowing error BEFORE name presented

Question 22

what did D&D (1963) predict would happen in Wood & Cowan (1995) study?

Answer 22

• would detect their name routinely
• more shadowing error DURING name presentation

Question 23

what did Treisman (1964) predict would happen in Wood & Cowan (1995) study?

Answer 23

• name would activate lexical unit in memory
• more shadowing error AFTER name presented

Question 24

results of W&C (1995) supported which of the 3 theories?

Answer 24

TREISMAN (1964)

Question 25

what was Strayer & Johnston (2011) study on multitasking and traffic lights?

Answer 25

• driving and phone call
• red and green lights
• control = radio
• experimental = phone call (hands free or handheld phone)
• 2x more likely to miss lights if on phone
• slower RT if handheld phone
• multitasking is dangerous

Question 26

what is the Single Chanel Model?

Answer 26

• Broadbent (1958)
• sensory info - bottleneck
• only 1 task performed at a time
• second task only when first is done

Question 27

what is some support for Broadbent’s (1958) Single Chanel Model?

Answer 27

• Welford (1952)
• psychological refractory period (PRP)
• 2 stimuli and 2 responses
• pp’s respond to each S ASAP
• if 2nd S presented shortly after 1st = slow RT as must wait until stimulus 1 is processed first (SCM)

Question 28

what is some evaluation of Broadbent’s (1958) Single Chanel Model?

Answer 28

• S&J (2011) study
• not true that can only do 1 task a time as pp’s listen to radio and detect traffic signals well

Question 29

what is the general resource theory (Kahneman, 1973)?

Answer 29

• can multitask if 1 pool of attentional resources can be divided between tasks and tasks don’t exceed available ARs
• 3 factors: available capacity, allocation policy and evaluation of demands

Question 30

what is a good measure of attentional resources within GRT?

Answer 30

pupillometry

Question 31

limitation of GRT?

Answer 31

not specific enough

Question 32

according to GRT, performance will decrease when?

Answer 32

if attentional resources are insufficient and unable to meet demands of tasks

Question 33

what is the multiple resource theory?

Answer 33

• Wickes (1984;2008)
• can multi task if tasks use diff levels along 3 dimensions
• 3 dimensions = stages of processing (perception, cognitive, responding), processing codes and modalities

Question 34

according to MRT, performance will decrease when?

Answer 34

if 2 tasks use the same processing stages and materials