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PS2023 - Thinking, Emotion & Consciousness > attention bottlenecks > Flashcards

attention bottlenecks Flashcards

1
Q

what is a serial bottleneck (SB)?

A

filter points at which it is no longer possible to process incoming percdptual info (song, light, smell) from our senses in parallel (simultaneously)

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2
Q

what do early-selection theories suggest about SB?

A

occur early in info processing

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2
Q

what do late-selection theories suggest about SB?

A

occur late in info processing

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3
Q

who came up with the cokctail party phenomenon (CPP)?

A

Chery (1953)

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4
Q

what is the CPP?

A

ability of people to focus on a single talker or conversation in a noisy environment

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5
Q

what is the dichotic listening task (DLT)?

A
  • pp’s wear headphones
  • hear two messages simulatenously (one per ear)
  • pp’s must repeat back one of the words (shadow) and ignore the other
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6
Q

DLT: what did pp’s fail to notice in the unattended message (semantic features)?

A
  • message was played backwards
  • several words were repeated
  • message was played in foreign language
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7
Q

DLT: what did pp’s notice in the unattended message (physical features)?

A
  • male or female voice
  • speech changing from male to female or vice versa
  • whether human voice or noise
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8
Q

what are some examples of early-selection theories?

A
  • filter theory
  • attenuation theory
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9
Q

what is the filter theory as suggested by Broadbent (1958)?

A
  • sensory info comes in through the system until it reaches bottleneck
  • info can be selected based on physical selection criteria (ear/pitch)
  • person filters out info based on physical characteristics/features
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10
Q

what 2 things does the filter theory (Braodbent, 1958) conclude?

A
  • attention acts on a perceptual level (ear/pitch)
  • filtering stimuli based on their physical characteristics
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11
Q

M, G&W, T

what 3 researchers suggest something different to what the filter theory concludes?

A
  • Moray (1950)
  • Gray & Wedderburn (1960)
  • Treisman (1960)
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12
Q

name

DLT: what did Moray (1959) do in their study?

A
  • intoduced name of pp into non-repeated ear
  • 33% of pp’s detected their name (semantic characteristics)
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13
Q

meaningful sentence

DLT: what did Gray & Wedderburn (1960) do in their study?

A
  • message 1: string of numbers
  • message 2: meaningful sentence
  • alternated to which ear words in a meaningful sentence were played
  • when asked to report, pp’s could correctly report sentence
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14
Q

what are the implications of the results of G&W (1960)?

A
  • suggest that pp’s can alternate between channels (select info) based on the semantic properties of the stimuli
  • this posed a problem to the early selection theory of audiotry attention (filter theory)
  • filter must be located elsewhere
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15
Q

MM switched/non

DLT: what did Treisman (1960) do in their study?

A
  • meaningful message in one ear and meaningless in the other
  • meaningful message switched to non-shadowed ear
  • some pp’s switch and keep shadowing meaningful message breaking the instruction
  • some keep attending the message in the first ear
16
Q

what are the implications of the results of Tresiman (1960)?

A
  • results suggest that selection of info can be flexible
  • pp’s can sometimes select info, based on physical characteristics (particular ear) and sometimes based on the semantic characteristics (meaning of message)
  • another theory is needed
17
Q

what is Tresiman’s (1964) attentuation theory?

A
  • sensory info comes through the system until it reaches an attenuator
  • info is a attenuated (weakened) NOT filtered out
  • Info can be selected based on a semantic selection criteria (e.g., meaning of message)
18
Q

what do Deutsch and D. Deutsch (1963) suggest about auditory attention in their late-selection theory?

A
  • all info is processed to completely (physical properties and meaning) without attenuation
  • the bottleneck (capacity limitation) is in the response system, not the perceptual system
19
Q

which 2 features did Wood & Cowan (1995) want to test to see which of the 3 theories was correct?

A
  • introducing pp’s name in irrelevent chanel
  • monitoring % of shadowing errors
20
Q

W&C (1995): Broadbent (1958) filter theory - pp’s name detection?

A

pp’s should only need to take their name if their attention has wandered into the irrelevant channel

21
Q

BEFORE

W&C (1995): Broadbent (1958) filter theory - what did they predict?

A

more shadowing error BEFORE the presentation of name

22
Q

W&C (1995): Treisman (1964) attentuation theory - pp’s name detection?

A

the name should activate the appropriate lexical unit in the memory, but only weakly

23
Q

AFTER

W&C (1995): Treisman (1964) attentuation theory - what did they predict?

A

more shadowing error AFTER the presentation of name

24
Q

W&C (1995): D&D (1963) late-selection theory - pp’s name detection?

A

pp’s would detect their name routinely

25
Q

DURING

W&C (1995): D&D (1963) late-selection theory - what did they predict?

A

more shadowing eror DURING the presentation of name

26
Q

what were the results from Wood & Cowan (1995) overall?

A
  • 34.6% of pp’s recall hearing their name in the channel to be ignored
  • more shadowing error AFTER the presentation of the name
27
Q

T

the results from Wood & Cowan (1995) support which of the 3 theories?

A

Treisman’s (1964) attentuation theory

28
Q

what was the visual shadowing task by Neisser & Becklen (1975)?

A
  • pp’s watched superimposed videotapes
  • instructed to pay attention to one of the two films and to watch for odd events (e.g., shaking hands)
  • when asked to monitor both films for odd events, pp’s experience great difficulty and missed many of the critical events
29
Q

what is intentional blindness?

A

phenomenon in which we are unaware (unable to detect) what is happening in our direct field of view, if we are not paying attention to it

30
Q

gorilla

what was the intentional blindness task by Simons & Chabris (1999)?

A
  • pp’s ask her to watch a video with two teams (black-and-white)
  • pp’s must either count the number of passes from the black or the white team
  • in the middle of the game, a person in a black gorilla suit walks through the room
  • almost all pp’s failed to notice the gorilla and tracking the team in white (92%)
31
Q

left and right

how do we process info in the visual field?

A
  • info about the left side of the visual field, goes to the right brain
  • info about the right side of the visual field, goes to the left brain
32
Q

what is visual neglect?

A

absence of awareness of stimuli presented to the opposite side of the brain damage (contralesional side)

33
Q

most visually neglected patients have damaged to the … ?

A
  • RIGHT hemisphere
  • (lack of awareness of stimuli in the left visual field)
34
Q

what is unilateral visual neglect?

A
  • patients with damage to the RIGHT hemisphere ignore the LEFT side completely
  • patience with damage to the LEFT hemisphere ignore the RIGHT side completely
35
Q

SAoA, GF

the right parietal lobe is more important in the … and is more important for … features?

A
  • spatial allocation of attention (directing our attention)
  • global features
36
Q

SF, GF, SF

the left parietal lobe is more important for … and is able to reproduce … features of pictures but not … features?

A
  • specific features
  • global features
  • specific features

PS2023 - Thinking, Emotion & Consciousness (19 decks)

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