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PS2023 - Thinking, Emotion & Consciousness > theories of emotion > Flashcards

theories of emotion Flashcards

1
Q

emotions: how long do they last?

A

seconds/minutes not hours or days

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2
Q

emotions: are they affective disorders or personality temperaments?

A

NO

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3
Q

emotions: what are they accompanied by?

A

facial expressions and psychological responses

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4
Q

emotions: does every one have a positive result?

A

NO

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5
Q

mood vs emotions?

A

moods are longer lasting and can arise without specific cause

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6
Q

SF,PR,EB,A,AT

what are the 5 components of emotions?

A
  • subjective feelings
  • psychological responses
  • expressive behaviour
  • appraisals
  • action tendencies
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7
Q

components of emotions: why are feelings being subjective a methodological disadvantage?

A
  • hard to predict what emotions people are going to have during the study
  • might be ethically difficult to elicit some emotions
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8
Q

components of emotions: what are some examples of physiological responses?

A
  • fight or flight
  • heart beating fast
  • sweating
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9
Q

components of emotions: what are some examples of expressive behaviours?

A
  • laughing when happy
  • crying or screaming when sad
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10
Q

components of emotions: expressive behaviours - culture?

A

some cultures express/suppress emotions when something is funny or sad etc.

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11
Q

what are the 3 theories of emotion?

A
  • evolutionary
  • appraisal
  • psychological constructionist
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12
Q

what does the evolutionary theory say about emotions?

A
  • evolutionary approaches are based in the writing of Darwin
  • they take an observational approach
  • argue for universality and functional adaptation of emotion
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13
Q

evolutionary theory: what causes emotions?

A
  • emotions arise when we detect a threat to survival or an opportunity for reproduction
  • signal stimuli indicate an adaptive problem (e.g., high cliff or potential mate)
  • emotions associate with the action tendencies to resolve adaptive problems we come across
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14
Q

Plutchik (1980): example of theory of actions taken in response to adaptive problems, their associated emotions and outcomes?

A
  • AP = gruesome object
  • emotion = disgust
  • behaviour executed = vomiting/pushing away food
  • outcome of this is rejection
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15
Q

evolutionary theory: what are basic emotions?

A

innate, quick and automatically caused by signal stimuli

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16
Q

evolutionary theory: what is the criteria for basic emotions?

A
  • universal expression
  • discrete physiology
  • presence in other primates
  • automatic evaluations of the environment
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17
Q

evolutionary theory: why would jealousy not be considered a basic emotion?

A

because it involves a higher level of evaluation of the environment

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18
Q

evolutionary theory: which emotion is sometimes not recognised as a 6th basic emotion?

A

surprise

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19
Q

evolutionary theory: is it true that blue, red and green cones can activate different emotions?

A

YES

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20
Q

evolutionary theory: what are the methodological concerns when studying the basic emotions in a lab?

A
  • forced choice options
  • expressions in images are sometimes forced, so they may be hard to associate with real emotions
21
Q

evolutionary theory: what may be a potential 7th emotion?

A

contempt

22
Q

evolutionary theory: which task supports the idea of a universality of emotions?

A

directed facial action task

23
Q

evolutionary theory: what are some examples of discrete physiology that link to the universal expressions?

A
  • anger = blood flow to arms and hands
  • fear = blood flow to legs
  • disgust = gag reflex
  • happiness = NT release
24
Q

evolutionary theory: what are affect programs?

A

automatic emotional responses, which tell us what to do in a response to the problem, we’re facing

25
Q

evolutionary theory: what does it say about affect programs?

A
  • all components of emotion happened together, which leads to the affect program
  • this becomes a pre-set thing that tells our body what to do
  • APs are innate, but changed to include knowledge gain through individual experience
26
Q

evolutionary theory: what is the sequence which links APs and emotions + example?

A
  • signal stimuli > AP > emotion
  • fearing lion > increased heart rate, alertness > fear
27
Q

what does the appraisal theory say about emotions?

A

emotions are determined by an individual appraises their circumstances

28
Q

what is an appraisal?

A
  • mental process which allows detection and evaluation of stimulate and how they affect your well-being
  • not as simple as good vs bad
  • occurs along dimensions
29
Q

N,V,GR,A,N

what are the 5 appraisals suggested by Scherer (1984)?

A
  • novelty
  • valence
  • goal relevance
  • agency
  • norms
30
Q

appraisal theory: Scherer’s 5 appraisals - when does fear occur?

A

when circumstances are appraised as novel negative uncontrollable and inconsistent with expectations

31
Q

appraisal theory: what was the study about baggage claim?

A
  • conducted ecologically valid test of appraisals
  • there was a variation in emotions experienced following the same event
  • goal relevance best predicted emotions
  • all appraisals aren’t equally relevant to elicitation of different emotions in some circumstances
32
Q

appraisal theory: what are the biological givens - primary and secondary appraisals?

A
  • Scherer (2001): dinstinction between P and S appraisals
  • PA = fast, clear-cut and innate
  • SA = higher-order, learned
33
Q

appraisal theory: what are the biological givens - primary and secondary appraisals - examples?

A
  • see snake
  • primary = dangerous
  • secondary = but not poisonous
  • novelty and valence = PA
  • goal relevance, agency and norms = SA
34
Q

appraisal theory: what is the sequence which links appraisals and emotion?

A

stimulus > appraisal > emotion

35
Q

what is the main different between affect programs and appraisals?

A

all emotion components do not necessarily occur together in an appraisal vs AP

36
Q

what does the PC theory say about emotion?

A
  • specific emotions are caused by applying learned categories to experience
  • categories are based on the person’s learning history, culture and current context
37
Q

what is categorisation?

A

mental process by which we take experience and give it meaning

38
Q

PC: do an individual’s categories contained varied examples of an emotion? if so, why?

A
  • YES
  • you could say fear looks like shaking, sweating etc
  • but when asked to explain the last time you felt fear it may look different to that
39
Q

PC: can categories explain and predict cross-cultural variations?

A

YES

40
Q

PC: how could a flustered face, trouble concentrating and butterflies be interpreted differently in different contexts?

A
  • if this happens on your dat you may take it as a good sign
  • you get home to realise you are ill and those were flu symptoms
  • brain constructed meaning from situation in context of a date as a positive thing
41
Q

what might ET argue about attraction and feeling sick?

A

they should have distinct physiological profiles

42
Q

PC: biological givens - what is core affect?

A
  • composed of 2 dimensions
  • valence: (un)/pleasant
  • activation: (de)/activation
  • can be mood, emotion, body state or evaluation
  • everyone can report on this
43
Q

PC: biological givens - how do we conduct the process of core affect?

A
  • use past experience and our context to assign an emotion to this situation
  • needs to be categorised in terms of what we already know
44
Q

PC: biological givens - what are the clinical implications of core affect?

A
  • alexithymia:
  • people with this, find it hard to describe and recognise their emotions and categorise things as bodily states, rather than emotions/moods
  • anxiety/depression:
  • over categorise bodily states as emotions/moods
45
Q

PC: what are the 2 core ideas in a constructivist approach to emotion?

A
  • emotions don’t have fingerprints
  • the emotions you experience are not inevitable consequences of your genes
46
Q

PC: what is the sequence which links core affect and emotion?

A
  • stimulus > core affect > categorisation > emotion
  • categorisation affects the components of emotion
47
Q

summary of ET: what causes the emotions, what are the biological givens and how do the components of the emotion fit together?

A
  • causes = signal stimuli
  • biological givens = basic emotions
  • integration = through affect programs
48
Q

summary of AT: what causes the emotions, what are the biological givens and how do the components of the emotion fit together?

A
  • causes = specific appraisal patterns
  • biological givens = V and N appraisals
  • integration = components are independent
49
Q

summary of PC: what causes the emotions, what are the biological givens and how do the components of the emotion fit together?

A
  • causes = categorisation of affect responses
  • biological givens = core affect
  • integration = components are independent

PS2023 - Thinking, Emotion & Consciousness (19 decks)

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