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PETROLOGY > Volcanology > Flashcards

Volcanology Flashcards

1
Q

study of volcanoes, its materials, and processes

A

VOLCANOLOGY :>

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2
Q

PERSON who engages in study of volcanology

A

VOLCANOLOGIST :>

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3
Q

NATURALLY OCCURING LANDFORM produced where lava erupts onto earth’s surface

A

VOLCANO :>

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4
Q

T or F: magma is HEAVIER than the solid rock around it

A

FALSE. it is LIGHTER

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5
Q

why do volcanoes erupt?

A

DECOMPRESSION :>

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6
Q

highly volcanically and seismically active, having about 75% or around 450 volcanoes located in it, and where 90% of earthquakes occur

A

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE :>

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7
Q

other name of PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

A

PACIFIC RIM :>

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8
Q

SURFACE MANIFESTATION of hot mantle plumes rising from the mantle, believed to originate from the boundary of mantle and outer core

A

HOTSPOTS :>

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9
Q

where do volcanoes erupt?

A

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE, HOTSPOTS, SPREADING CENTERS :>

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10
Q

LARGE EXPANSE OF AREA which resulted from voluminous outflow of basaltic lava, can last up to mil. of years

A

FLOOD BASALTS :>

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11
Q

according to Courtillot of 2003, there are THREE HOTSPOT CLASSIFICATIONS. what are they?

A

CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY origin
UPPER MANTLE origin
LITHOSPHERIC origin :>

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12
Q

REGIONS where divergent plate boundaries spread and produce juvenile magma material, creating submarine volcanoes

A

SPREADING CENTERS :>

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13
Q

ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO

FUNNEL-SHAPED depression found at the summit of a volcano

A

CRATER :>

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14
Q

ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO

PIPE OR CIRCULAR PIPE where magma movement is localized

A

CONDUIT :>

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15
Q

ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO

OPENING on a volcano where a conduit or a pipe terminates

A

VENT :>

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16
Q

ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO

large UNDERGROUND REGION OF MAGMA that supplies a volcano

A

MAGMA CHAMBER :>

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17
Q

ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO

small CONE-SHAPED VOLCANO FORMED FROM FLANK ERUPTION from the main volcano

A

PARASITIC CONE :>

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18
Q

classification of volcanoes according to the SHAPE of a volcano

A

MORPHOLOGY :>

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19
Q

classification of volcanoes according to the ERUPTIVE HISTORY of a volcano

A

ACTIVITY AND HISTORY :>

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20
Q

LOCAL classifier according to the eruptive history of a volcano

A

PHIVOLCS :>

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21
Q

INTERNATIONAL classifier according to the eruptive history of a volcano

A

USGS :>

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22
Q

produced by accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas, resembling a WARRIOR’S SHIELD, 15 degree slope or less

A

SHIELD VOLCANO :>

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23
Q

built from interlayered tephra and lava flows, considered as MOST DANGEROUS AND ERUPTIVE, 10 to 30 degree slope

A

STRATOVOLCANO :>

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24
Q

other name for STRATOVOLCANO

A

COMPOSITE VOLCANO :>

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25
Q

composed of loose ejected ash, appearing relatively symmetrical and steeply built, LARGE DEEP CRATERS

A

PYROCLASTIC CONES :>

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26
Q

PYROCLASTIC CONE

composed of VESICULAR, BASALTIC MATERIAL

A

SCORIA CONES :>

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27
Q

PYROCLASTIC CONE

composed of VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS

A

CINDER CONES :>

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28
Q

a cinder cone volcano in Mexico, the only volcano studied from its birth up until its death

A

PARICUTIN VOLCANO, MEXICO :>

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29
Q

an example of shield volcano in Hawaii and considered as the highest volcano from base to peak

A

MAUNA KEA :>

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30
Q

best example of stratovolcano in the Philippines

A

MAYON :>

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31
Q

volcanoes that had an ERUPTIVE HISTORY that reached VEI 8

A

SUPERVOLCANO :>

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32
Q

LARGE DEPRESSION, typically caused by collapse of the summit area of a volcano due to depletion of magma chamber after a violent eruption

A

CALDERA :>

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33
Q

best example of a CALDERA and a SUPERVOLCANO as one volcano

A

YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO, Wyoming, USA :>

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34
Q

classification of volcanoes and its activity and history according to PHIVOLCS

A

ACTIVE volcano
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE volcano
INACTIVE volcano :>

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35
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO PHIVOLCS

had a recorded ERUPTION FOR THE PAST 600 YEARS, has datable material since 10,000 years ago

A

ACTIVE VOLCANO :>

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36
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO PHIVOLCS

geomorphologically young volcano currently not erupting but supposed to erupt again

A

POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO :>

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37
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO PHIVOLCS

has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years, not expected to erupt again in the future

A

INACTIVE VOLCANO :>

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38
Q

best example of an ACTIVE VOLCANO in the Philippines

A

MAYON :>

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39
Q

best example of an POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO in the Philippines

A

MT. SAN CRISTOBAL, LAGUNA :>

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40
Q

best example of an INACTIVE VOLCANO in the Philippines

A

ALLIGATOR LAKE (TADLAC LAKE), LAGUNA :>

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41
Q

classification of volcanoes and its activity and history according to USGS

A

ACTIVE volcano
DORMANT volcano
EXTINCT volcano :>

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42
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO USGS

at least one eruption from the past 10,000 years

A

ACTIVE VOLCANO :>

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43
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO USGS

no historically recorded eruption or no eruption for thousands of year but likely to erupt

A

DORMANT VOLCANO :>

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44
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO USGS

not erupted within recorded history and not likely to erupt again, showing no volcanic activity

A

EXTINCT VOLCANO :>

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45
Q

example of an ACTIVE VOLCANO in the world

A

AGUNG VOLCANO, INDONESIA :>

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46
Q

example of a DORMANT VOLCANO in the world

A

MT. KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA :>

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47
Q

example of an INACTIVE VOLCANO in the world and considered as the FARTHEST peak from the core

A

MT. CHIMBORAZO, ECUADOR :>

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48
Q

SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION of volcanic eruptions based on observations during an eruption, or simply VEI

A

VOLCANO EXPLOSIVITY INDEX :>

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49
Q

a QUIET eruption type according to ERUPTIVENESS

A

EFFUSIVE :>

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50
Q

a LOUD eruption type according to ERUPTIVENESS

A

EXPLOSIVE :>

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51
Q

a MAGMA-DRIVEN eruption type according to MECHANISM

A

MAGMATIC :>

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52
Q

a STEAM-DRIVEN eruption type according to MECHANISM

A

PHREATIC :>

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53
Q

a COMBINATION eruption type according to MECHANISM

A

PHREATOMAGMATIC :>

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54
Q

an eruption style that is effusive, quiet, produces large volumes of thin, runny lava and extrudes via FISSURES

A

ICELANDIC :>

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55
Q

best example of ICELANDIC eruption style

A

2021 FAGRADALSFJALL ERUPTION :>

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56
Q

an eruption style that is effusive, quiet, produces large volumes of thin, runny lava and extrudes via VENTS

A

HAWAIIAN :>

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57
Q

best example of HAWAIIAN eruption style

A

2018 KILAUEA ERUPTION :>

58
Q

an explosive eruption style that SHOOT thicker lava along with burst of steam, gas, and ash

A

STROMBOLIAN :>

59
Q

an eruption style that are series of discreet, loud eruptions, “THROAT-CLEARING” CANON-LIKE EXPLOSIONS that shoot high velocity blocks and bombs

A

VULCANIAN :>

60
Q

an eruption style that occur when large amount of tephra, gas, and lava are erupted laterally from the crater, producing “GLOWING” avalanches

A

PELEAN :>

61
Q

best example of a PELEAN eruption style

A

1984 MAYON VOLCANO :>

62
Q

other name for PELEAN eruption style

A

NUÉE ARDENTE :>

63
Q

an eruption style that involves very viscous magma and produce VERY LARGE VOLUMES OF ASH AND TEPHRA that covers a very wide area

A

PLINIAN :>

64
Q

best example of a PLINIAN eruption style

A

1991 PINATUBO ERUPTION :>

65
Q

an eruption style that occurs when WATER IS HEATED WITHOUT ANY CONTACT with magma, erupts as mixture of hot water and steam

A

PHREATIC :>

66
Q

best example of PHREATIC eruption style

A

2020 TAAL ERUPTION :>

67
Q

an explosive eruption style that occur when WATER INTERACTS WITH MAGMA and violently bursts into steam and volumes of ash

A

PHREATOMAGMATIC :>

68
Q

best example of PHREATOMAGMATIC eruption style

A

2018 ANAK KRAKATAU ERUPTION :>

69
Q

other name for PHREATOMAGMATIC eruption style

A

SURTSEYAN :>

70
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

STREAMS OF LAVA pouring from a fissure or vent during an eruption

A

LAVA FLOW :>

71
Q

LAVA FLOW

characterized by its ROUGH, JAGGED SURFACE often associated with fluid basaltic flows

A

‘A’a FLOW :>

72
Q

LAVA FLOW

form RELATIVELY SMOOTH SURFACES that often resemble twisted ropes and often products of basaltic flows

A

PAHOEHOE FLOW :>

73
Q

LAVA FLOW

SHORT, DETACHED, VESICLE-FREE, PROXIMAL lava, often produced by viscous lava such as andesitic and rhyolitic

A

BLOCK LAVA :>

74
Q

LAVA FLOW

formed as structures composed of NUMEROUS SMOOTH, TUBE-LIKE PROTUBERANCES that are good indicators for surrounding as they form underwater

A

PILLOW LAVA :>

75
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

VOLCANIC MATERIALS OF VARYING SIZES produced from volcanic eruptions

A

PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS :>

76
Q

pyroclastic material EJECTED into the ATMOSPHERE

A

TEPHRA :>

77
Q

PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL

SOLID EJECTA with sizes greater than 64mm

A

BLOCK :>

78
Q

PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL

ejected into the atmosphere, related to breadcrust texture

A

BOMB :>

79
Q

PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL

FRACTURED SURFACE TEXTURE formed when bombs cool

A

BREADCRUST TEXTURE :>

80
Q

PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL

ROCK FRAGMENTS with grain sizes ranging from 2-64mm, from droplets of lava

A

LAPILLI :>

81
Q

PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL

tephra that is usually GLASS, grain sizes LESS THAN 2MM

A

ASH :>

82
Q

PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL

lapilli-sized pyroclastic deposits formed DUE TO SATURATION FROM WATER or ACCLAP

A

ACCRETIONARY LAPILLI :>

83
Q

GLASS

GOLDEN, ACICULAR, GLASSY STRANDS formed as lava droplets were propelled in the air, getting stretched into shape

A

PELE’S HAIR :>

83
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

naturally occurring solids that LACK ORDERLY CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE, formed due to quenching or rapid cooling of lava

A

GLASS :>

83
Q

GLASS

BLACK, GLASSY, streamlined particles formed as lava droplets that quenched in flight

A

PELE’S TEARS :>

84
Q

hot flows made up of a MIXTURE OF PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS AND HOT GASES travelling at RAPID SPEEDS

A

PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>

85
Q

PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>

blanket of pyroclastic material and tephra that FALL TO THE GROUND, identified to have good sorting of angular juvenile clasts :>

A

PYROCLASTIC FALL :>

86
Q

PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>

“GROUND HUGGING” pyroclastic materials that moves at speeds up to 150 km/h, can reach over 1000 degree celsius, develop poorly sorted beds

A

PYROCLASTIC FLOW :>

87
Q

PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>

more dilute and mobile current, can travel up hills and valleys at high velocity and horizontally from eruption site, “PINCH AND SWELLING” beds with moderate sorting of rounded clasts

A

PYROCLASTIC SURGE :>

88
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

SILICEOUS, low to moderate density, hot VESICULATED flows

A

PUMICE FLOWS :>

89
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

ANDESITIC to BASALTIC, hot VESICULATED FLOWS

A

SCORIA FLOWS :>

90
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

compacted or “WELDED” pumice and tuff

A

IGNIMBRITE :>

91
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

flattened or compacted pumice in IGNIMBRITES

A

FIAMME :>

92
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

“FIERY CLOUDS”, fluidized mixtures of hot, incandescent rock fragments and gases, “GLOWING AVALANCHE” of pyroclastic debris

A

NUÉES ARDENTES :>

93
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

THICK MUDFLOWS composed of volcanic materials, up to tens of meters thick with consistency of wet cement

A

LAHAR :>

94
Q

LAHAR

DIRECTLY associated with active volcanic activity; HOT lahar

A

SYN-ERUPTION LAHAR :>

95
Q

LAHAR

INDIRECTLY associated with active volcanic activity, remobilization of volcanic deposits; COLD Lahar

A

POST-ERUPTION LAHAR :>

96
Q

this Philippine volcano eruption occurred on JUNE 15, 1991 that coincided with Typhoon Yunya, causing voluminous lahar that covered most parts of Zambales

A

1991 PINATUBO ERUPTION :>

97
Q

VOLCANIC PRODUCT

MASS WASTING of large volumes of volcanic materials along volcanic flanks

A

DEBRIS AVALANCHE :>

98
Q

DEBRIS AVALANCHE

associated with MOVEMENT OF MAGMA beneath volcanic edifice

A

BEZYMIANNY-TYPE :>

99
Q

DEBRIS AVALANCHE

associated with SEISMICITY

A

BANDAI-TYPE :>

100
Q

an eruption that produced a LATERAL BLAST, causing its northern flank to collapse into a debris avalanche and caused lahar

A

1980 MT. SAINT HELENS ERUPTION :>

101
Q

ORIGIN OF VOLCANICLASTS

COGNATE CLASTS, derived directly from magma involved in the volcanic activity

A

JUVENILE CLASTS :>

102
Q

ORIGIN OF VOLCANICLASTS

rock inclusions from the vent walls or brought from the surface by lava or pyroclastic walls

A

ACCIDENTAL CLASTS :>

103
Q

FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES

fragmentation through EXPLOSIVE EJECTION AND AERIAL DISPERSAL of pyroclasts of rock and magma from a volcanic vent

A

PYROCLASTIC PROCESS :>

104
Q

FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES

fragmentation as result of BREAKING UP COOLER AND RIGID EXTERIOR OF LAVA as it moves that can include block-sized autoclasts

A

AUTOCLASTIC PROCESS :>

105
Q

FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES

fragmentation brought by WEATHERING AND DISINTEGRATION of volcanic rocks

A

EPICLASTIC PROCESS :>

106
Q

TRANSPORT OF PYROCLASTS

group of clasts with interstitial fluid that INTERACT and MOVE TOGETHER

A

MASS FLOW TRANSPORT :>

107
Q

TRANSPORT OF PYROCLASTS

clasts within mass flow behaving INDEPENDENTLY in moving interstitial fluids

A

TRACTION TRANSPORT :>

108
Q

TRANSPORT OF PYROCLASTS

FULLY SUSPENDED clasts in interstitial fluid

A

SUSPENSION TRANSPORT :>

109
Q

HAZARDS associated with volcanoes and its materials, whether or not the volcano is currently erupting

A

VOLCANIC HAZARDS :>

110
Q

VOLCANIC HAZARDS

DIRECTLY associated with an on-going eruption

A

DIRECT HAZARD :>

111
Q

VOLCANIC HAZARDS

INDIRECTLY associated with an eruption

A

INDIRECT HAZARD :>

112
Q

DIRECT HAZARD

RIVERS OF LAVA extruded from a volcano

A

LAVA FLOW :>

113
Q

DIRECT HAZARD

pyroclastic materials ejected into the atmosphere that FALL due to gravity

A

TEPHRA FALL :>

114
Q

DIRECT HAZARD

BLAST directed HORIZONTALLY which comes from the slopes of a volcano

A

LATERAL BLAST :>

115
Q

DIRECT HAZARD

expelled during eruption phases, high temp. and extreme speed which can be TOXIC to life

A

VOLCANIC GASES :>

116
Q

DIRECT HAZARD

HOT MIXTURE of volcanic debris and tephra, SATURATED WITH WATER, DIRECTLY related to an on-going eruption

A

SYN-ERUPTION LAHAR :>

117
Q

DIRECT HAZARD

PYROCLASTIC FLOW, PYROCLASTIC SURGE, AND BASE SURGE

A

PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs)

118
Q

INDIRECT HAZARD

COLD MIXTURE of volcanic debris and tephra, SATURATED WITH WATER, occur when old volcanic materials are remobilized

A

POST-ERUPTION LAHAR :>

119
Q

INDIRECT HAZARD

MASSIVE DEBRIS AVALANCHES due to blasts from eruption

A

LANDSLIDES :>

120
Q

INDIRECT HAZARD

TSUNAMIS caused by submarine eruptions or massive landslides that MOBILIZE LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER, causing large waves

A

VOLCANIC TSUNAMI :>

121
Q

INDIRECT HAZARD

OSCILLATING MOVEMENT of water within an enclosed or limited body of water

A

SEICHE :>

122
Q

INDIRECT HAZARD

FRACTURES AND FISSURES caused by bulges from the ground due to rising magma

A

GROUND DEFORMATION :>

123
Q

INDIRECT HAZARD

remobilized pre-existing pyroclastic materials

A

SECONDARY PDCs :>

124
Q

INDIRECT HAZARD

heat and tremors from volcanic eruptions and their materials can cause man-made structures and materials to collapse, follow a cascade of events leading to explosion and fire

A

SECONDARY EXPLOSIONS AND FIRE :>

125
Q

ORIGINAL AGENCY for monitoring volcanoes in the Philippines, established through RA 766

A

COMMISSION ON VOLCANOLOGY (COMVOL) :>

126
Q

WHEN was COMVOL established?

A

JUNE 20, 1952 :>

127
Q

COMVOL was then renamed to PHIVOLC on MARCH 17, 1982 through EO 784. it was then reestablished as PHIVOLCS after the transfer of seismology monitoring from PAGASA. WHAT is PHIVOLCS?

A

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY :>

128
Q

OFFICIAL AGENCY established mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geotectonic phenomena

A

PHIVOLCS :>

129
Q

WHEN was PHIVOLCS established?

A

SEPTEMBER 17, 1984

130
Q

BONUS FACTS

active volcanoes are also called what volcano?

A

HOLOCENE VOLCANO :>

131
Q

BONUS FACTS

tallest mountain from its base to its peak

A

MAUNA KEA :>

132
Q

BONUS FACTS

tallest mountain due to its peak’s altitude

A

MT. EVEREST :>

133
Q

BONUS FACTS

farthest peak from the center of the earth

A

MT. CHIMBORAZO :>

134
Q

BONUS FACTS

this is considered a MAARS, which was caused by phreatomagmatic eruption situated in Laguna

A

SEVEN LAKES OF SAN PABLO :>

135
Q

A vent in the surface of the Earth or another rocky planet from which hot volcanic gases and vapors are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids.

A

Fumarole

136
Q

A natural volcanic steam vent in which SULFUR GASES are the dominant constituent along with hot water vapour.

A

Solfatara

137
Q

Two tectonic microplates located in the Molucca Sea resembling a SCISSOR where OPHIOLITES can be found between them

A

Sangihe and Halmahera

138
Q

Enumerate the 24 Active Volcanoes in the Philippines (From Northernmost to Southernmost)

A
  1. Iraya
  2. Smith
  3. Babuyan Claro
  4. Didicas
  5. Camiguin de Babuyanes
  6. Cagua
  7. Pinatubo
  8. Taal
  9. Banahaw
  10. Isarog
  11. Iriga
  12. Mayon
  13. Bulusan
  14. Biliran
  15. Kanlaon
  16. Cabalian
  17. Hibok-Hibok
  18. Musuan
  19. Ragang
  20. Makaturing
  21. Leonard Kniassef
  22. Matutum
  23. Parker
  24. Bud Dajo
139
Q

A lung disease caused by inhaling volcanic ash

A

Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

PETROLOGY (15 decks)

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