Volcanology Flashcards
1
Q
study of volcanoes, its materials, and processes
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VOLCANOLOGY :>
2
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PERSON who engages in study of volcanology
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VOLCANOLOGIST :>
3
Q
NATURALLY OCCURING LANDFORM produced where lava erupts onto earth’s surface
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VOLCANO :>
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T or F: magma is HEAVIER than the solid rock around it
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FALSE. it is LIGHTER
5
Q
why do volcanoes erupt?
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DECOMPRESSION :>
6
Q
highly volcanically and seismically active, having about 75% or around 450 volcanoes located in it, and where 90% of earthquakes occur
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PACIFIC RING OF FIRE :>
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other name of PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
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PACIFIC RIM :>
8
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SURFACE MANIFESTATION of hot mantle plumes rising from the mantle, believed to originate from the boundary of mantle and outer core
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HOTSPOTS :>
9
Q
where do volcanoes erupt?
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PACIFIC RING OF FIRE, HOTSPOTS, SPREADING CENTERS :>
10
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LARGE EXPANSE OF AREA which resulted from voluminous outflow of basaltic lava, can last up to mil. of years
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FLOOD BASALTS :>
11
Q
according to Courtillot of 2003, there are THREE HOTSPOT CLASSIFICATIONS. what are they?
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CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY origin
UPPER MANTLE origin
LITHOSPHERIC origin :>
12
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REGIONS where divergent plate boundaries spread and produce juvenile magma material, creating submarine volcanoes
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SPREADING CENTERS :>
13
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ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO
FUNNEL-SHAPED depression found at the summit of a volcano
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CRATER :>
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ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO
PIPE OR CIRCULAR PIPE where magma movement is localized
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CONDUIT :>
15
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ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO
OPENING on a volcano where a conduit or a pipe terminates
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VENT :>
16
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ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO
large UNDERGROUND REGION OF MAGMA that supplies a volcano
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MAGMA CHAMBER :>
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ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO
small CONE-SHAPED VOLCANO FORMED FROM FLANK ERUPTION from the main volcano
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PARASITIC CONE :>
18
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classification of volcanoes according to the SHAPE of a volcano
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MORPHOLOGY :>
19
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classification of volcanoes according to the ERUPTIVE HISTORY of a volcano
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ACTIVITY AND HISTORY :>
20
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LOCAL classifier according to the eruptive history of a volcano
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PHIVOLCS :>
21
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INTERNATIONAL classifier according to the eruptive history of a volcano
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USGS :>
22
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produced by accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas, resembling a WARRIOR’S SHIELD, 15 degree slope or less
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SHIELD VOLCANO :>
23
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built from interlayered tephra and lava flows, considered as MOST DANGEROUS AND ERUPTIVE, 10 to 30 degree slope
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STRATOVOLCANO :>
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other name for STRATOVOLCANO
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COMPOSITE VOLCANO :>
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composed of loose ejected ash, appearing relatively symmetrical and steeply built, LARGE DEEP CRATERS
PYROCLASTIC CONES :>
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PYROCLASTIC CONE
composed of VESICULAR, BASALTIC MATERIAL
SCORIA CONES :>
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PYROCLASTIC CONE
composed of VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS
CINDER CONES :>
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a cinder cone volcano in Mexico, the only volcano studied from its birth up until its death
PARICUTIN VOLCANO, MEXICO :>
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an example of shield volcano in Hawaii and considered as the highest volcano from base to peak
MAUNA KEA :>
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best example of stratovolcano in the Philippines
MAYON :>
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volcanoes that had an ERUPTIVE HISTORY that reached VEI 8
SUPERVOLCANO :>
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LARGE DEPRESSION, typically caused by collapse of the summit area of a volcano due to depletion of magma chamber after a violent eruption
CALDERA :>
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best example of a CALDERA and a SUPERVOLCANO as one volcano
YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO, Wyoming, USA :>
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classification of volcanoes and its activity and history according to PHIVOLCS
ACTIVE volcano
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE volcano
INACTIVE volcano :>
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO PHIVOLCS
had a recorded ERUPTION FOR THE PAST 600 YEARS, has datable material since 10,000 years ago
ACTIVE VOLCANO :>
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO PHIVOLCS
geomorphologically young volcano currently not erupting but supposed to erupt again
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO :>
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO PHIVOLCS
has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years, not expected to erupt again in the future
INACTIVE VOLCANO :>
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best example of an ACTIVE VOLCANO in the Philippines
MAYON :>
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best example of an POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO in the Philippines
MT. SAN CRISTOBAL, LAGUNA :>
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best example of an INACTIVE VOLCANO in the Philippines
ALLIGATOR LAKE (TADLAC LAKE), LAGUNA :>
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classification of volcanoes and its activity and history according to USGS
ACTIVE volcano
DORMANT volcano
EXTINCT volcano :>
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO USGS
at least one eruption from the past 10,000 years
ACTIVE VOLCANO :>
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO USGS
no historically recorded eruption or no eruption for thousands of year but likely to erupt
DORMANT VOLCANO :>
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES AND ITS ACTIVITY AND HISTORY ACCORDING TO USGS
not erupted within recorded history and not likely to erupt again, showing no volcanic activity
EXTINCT VOLCANO :>
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example of an ACTIVE VOLCANO in the world
AGUNG VOLCANO, INDONESIA :>
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example of a DORMANT VOLCANO in the world
MT. KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA :>
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example of an INACTIVE VOLCANO in the world and considered as the FARTHEST peak from the core
MT. CHIMBORAZO, ECUADOR :>
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SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION of volcanic eruptions based on observations during an eruption, or simply VEI
VOLCANO EXPLOSIVITY INDEX :>
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a QUIET eruption type according to ERUPTIVENESS
EFFUSIVE :>
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a LOUD eruption type according to ERUPTIVENESS
EXPLOSIVE :>
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a MAGMA-DRIVEN eruption type according to MECHANISM
MAGMATIC :>
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a STEAM-DRIVEN eruption type according to MECHANISM
PHREATIC :>
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a COMBINATION eruption type according to MECHANISM
PHREATOMAGMATIC :>
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an eruption style that is effusive, quiet, produces large volumes of thin, runny lava and extrudes via FISSURES
ICELANDIC :>
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best example of ICELANDIC eruption style
2021 FAGRADALSFJALL ERUPTION :>
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an eruption style that is effusive, quiet, produces large volumes of thin, runny lava and extrudes via VENTS
HAWAIIAN :>
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best example of HAWAIIAN eruption style
2018 KILAUEA ERUPTION :>
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an explosive eruption style that SHOOT thicker lava along with burst of steam, gas, and ash
STROMBOLIAN :>
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an eruption style that are series of discreet, loud eruptions, "THROAT-CLEARING" CANON-LIKE EXPLOSIONS that shoot high velocity blocks and bombs
VULCANIAN :>
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an eruption style that occur when large amount of tephra, gas, and lava are erupted laterally from the crater, producing "GLOWING" avalanches
PELEAN :>
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best example of a PELEAN eruption style
1984 MAYON VOLCANO :>
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other name for PELEAN eruption style
NUÉE ARDENTE :>
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an eruption style that involves very viscous magma and produce VERY LARGE VOLUMES OF ASH AND TEPHRA that covers a very wide area
PLINIAN :>
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best example of a PLINIAN eruption style
1991 PINATUBO ERUPTION :>
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an eruption style that occurs when WATER IS HEATED WITHOUT ANY CONTACT with magma, erupts as mixture of hot water and steam
PHREATIC :>
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best example of PHREATIC eruption style
2020 TAAL ERUPTION :>
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an explosive eruption style that occur when WATER INTERACTS WITH MAGMA and violently bursts into steam and volumes of ash
PHREATOMAGMATIC :>
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best example of PHREATOMAGMATIC eruption style
2018 ANAK KRAKATAU ERUPTION :>
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other name for PHREATOMAGMATIC eruption style
SURTSEYAN :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
STREAMS OF LAVA pouring from a fissure or vent during an eruption
LAVA FLOW :>
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LAVA FLOW
characterized by its ROUGH, JAGGED SURFACE often associated with fluid basaltic flows
'A'a FLOW :>
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LAVA FLOW
form RELATIVELY SMOOTH SURFACES that often resemble twisted ropes and often products of basaltic flows
PAHOEHOE FLOW :>
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LAVA FLOW
SHORT, DETACHED, VESICLE-FREE, PROXIMAL lava, often produced by viscous lava such as andesitic and rhyolitic
BLOCK LAVA :>
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LAVA FLOW
formed as structures composed of NUMEROUS SMOOTH, TUBE-LIKE PROTUBERANCES that are good indicators for surrounding as they form underwater
PILLOW LAVA :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
VOLCANIC MATERIALS OF VARYING SIZES produced from volcanic eruptions
PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS :>
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pyroclastic material EJECTED into the ATMOSPHERE
TEPHRA :>
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PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL
SOLID EJECTA with sizes greater than 64mm
BLOCK :>
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PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL
ejected into the atmosphere, related to breadcrust texture
BOMB :>
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PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL
FRACTURED SURFACE TEXTURE formed when bombs cool
BREADCRUST TEXTURE :>
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PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL
ROCK FRAGMENTS with grain sizes ranging from 2-64mm, from droplets of lava
LAPILLI :>
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PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL
tephra that is usually GLASS, grain sizes LESS THAN 2MM
ASH :>
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PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL
lapilli-sized pyroclastic deposits formed DUE TO SATURATION FROM WATER or ACCLAP
ACCRETIONARY LAPILLI :>
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GLASS
GOLDEN, ACICULAR, GLASSY STRANDS formed as lava droplets were propelled in the air, getting stretched into shape
PELE'S HAIR :>
83
VOLCANIC PRODUCT
naturally occurring solids that LACK ORDERLY CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE, formed due to quenching or rapid cooling of lava
GLASS :>
83
GLASS
BLACK, GLASSY, streamlined particles formed as lava droplets that quenched in flight
PELE'S TEARS :>
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hot flows made up of a MIXTURE OF PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS AND HOT GASES travelling at RAPID SPEEDS
PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>
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PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>
blanket of pyroclastic material and tephra that FALL TO THE GROUND, identified to have good sorting of angular juvenile clasts :>
PYROCLASTIC FALL :>
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PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>
"GROUND HUGGING" pyroclastic materials that moves at speeds up to 150 km/h, can reach over 1000 degree celsius, develop poorly sorted beds
PYROCLASTIC FLOW :>
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PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs) :>
more dilute and mobile current, can travel up hills and valleys at high velocity and horizontally from eruption site, "PINCH AND SWELLING" beds with moderate sorting of rounded clasts
PYROCLASTIC SURGE :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
SILICEOUS, low to moderate density, hot VESICULATED flows
PUMICE FLOWS :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
ANDESITIC to BASALTIC, hot VESICULATED FLOWS
SCORIA FLOWS :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
compacted or "WELDED" pumice and tuff
IGNIMBRITE :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
flattened or compacted pumice in IGNIMBRITES
FIAMME :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
"FIERY CLOUDS", fluidized mixtures of hot, incandescent rock fragments and gases, "GLOWING AVALANCHE" of pyroclastic debris
NUÉES ARDENTES :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
THICK MUDFLOWS composed of volcanic materials, up to tens of meters thick with consistency of wet cement
LAHAR :>
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LAHAR
DIRECTLY associated with active volcanic activity; HOT lahar
SYN-ERUPTION LAHAR :>
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LAHAR
INDIRECTLY associated with active volcanic activity, remobilization of volcanic deposits; COLD Lahar
POST-ERUPTION LAHAR :>
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this Philippine volcano eruption occurred on JUNE 15, 1991 that coincided with Typhoon Yunya, causing voluminous lahar that covered most parts of Zambales
1991 PINATUBO ERUPTION :>
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VOLCANIC PRODUCT
MASS WASTING of large volumes of volcanic materials along volcanic flanks
DEBRIS AVALANCHE :>
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DEBRIS AVALANCHE
associated with MOVEMENT OF MAGMA beneath volcanic edifice
BEZYMIANNY-TYPE :>
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DEBRIS AVALANCHE
associated with SEISMICITY
BANDAI-TYPE :>
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an eruption that produced a LATERAL BLAST, causing its northern flank to collapse into a debris avalanche and caused lahar
1980 MT. SAINT HELENS ERUPTION :>
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ORIGIN OF VOLCANICLASTS
COGNATE CLASTS, derived directly from magma involved in the volcanic activity
JUVENILE CLASTS :>
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ORIGIN OF VOLCANICLASTS
rock inclusions from the vent walls or brought from the surface by lava or pyroclastic walls
ACCIDENTAL CLASTS :>
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FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES
fragmentation through EXPLOSIVE EJECTION AND AERIAL DISPERSAL of pyroclasts of rock and magma from a volcanic vent
PYROCLASTIC PROCESS :>
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FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES
fragmentation as result of BREAKING UP COOLER AND RIGID EXTERIOR OF LAVA as it moves that can include block-sized autoclasts
AUTOCLASTIC PROCESS :>
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FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES
fragmentation brought by WEATHERING AND DISINTEGRATION of volcanic rocks
EPICLASTIC PROCESS :>
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TRANSPORT OF PYROCLASTS
group of clasts with interstitial fluid that INTERACT and MOVE TOGETHER
MASS FLOW TRANSPORT :>
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TRANSPORT OF PYROCLASTS
clasts within mass flow behaving INDEPENDENTLY in moving interstitial fluids
TRACTION TRANSPORT :>
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TRANSPORT OF PYROCLASTS
FULLY SUSPENDED clasts in interstitial fluid
SUSPENSION TRANSPORT :>
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HAZARDS associated with volcanoes and its materials, whether or not the volcano is currently erupting
VOLCANIC HAZARDS :>
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VOLCANIC HAZARDS
DIRECTLY associated with an on-going eruption
DIRECT HAZARD :>
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VOLCANIC HAZARDS
INDIRECTLY associated with an eruption
INDIRECT HAZARD :>
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DIRECT HAZARD
RIVERS OF LAVA extruded from a volcano
LAVA FLOW :>
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DIRECT HAZARD
pyroclastic materials ejected into the atmosphere that FALL due to gravity
TEPHRA FALL :>
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DIRECT HAZARD
BLAST directed HORIZONTALLY which comes from the slopes of a volcano
LATERAL BLAST :>
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DIRECT HAZARD
expelled during eruption phases, high temp. and extreme speed which can be TOXIC to life
VOLCANIC GASES :>
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DIRECT HAZARD
HOT MIXTURE of volcanic debris and tephra, SATURATED WITH WATER, DIRECTLY related to an on-going eruption
SYN-ERUPTION LAHAR :>
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DIRECT HAZARD
PYROCLASTIC FLOW, PYROCLASTIC SURGE, AND BASE SURGE
PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs)
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INDIRECT HAZARD
COLD MIXTURE of volcanic debris and tephra, SATURATED WITH WATER, occur when old volcanic materials are remobilized
POST-ERUPTION LAHAR :>
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INDIRECT HAZARD
MASSIVE DEBRIS AVALANCHES due to blasts from eruption
LANDSLIDES :>
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INDIRECT HAZARD
TSUNAMIS caused by submarine eruptions or massive landslides that MOBILIZE LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER, causing large waves
VOLCANIC TSUNAMI :>
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INDIRECT HAZARD
OSCILLATING MOVEMENT of water within an enclosed or limited body of water
SEICHE :>
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INDIRECT HAZARD
FRACTURES AND FISSURES caused by bulges from the ground due to rising magma
GROUND DEFORMATION :>
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INDIRECT HAZARD
remobilized pre-existing pyroclastic materials
SECONDARY PDCs :>
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INDIRECT HAZARD
heat and tremors from volcanic eruptions and their materials can cause man-made structures and materials to collapse, follow a cascade of events leading to explosion and fire
SECONDARY EXPLOSIONS AND FIRE :>
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ORIGINAL AGENCY for monitoring volcanoes in the Philippines, established through RA 766
COMMISSION ON VOLCANOLOGY (COMVOL) :>
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WHEN was COMVOL established?
JUNE 20, 1952 :>
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COMVOL was then renamed to PHIVOLC on MARCH 17, 1982 through EO 784. it was then reestablished as PHIVOLCS after the transfer of seismology monitoring from PAGASA. WHAT is PHIVOLCS?
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY :>
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OFFICIAL AGENCY established mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geotectonic phenomena
PHIVOLCS :>
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WHEN was PHIVOLCS established?
SEPTEMBER 17, 1984
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BONUS FACTS
active volcanoes are also called what volcano?
HOLOCENE VOLCANO :>
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BONUS FACTS
tallest mountain from its base to its peak
MAUNA KEA :>
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BONUS FACTS
tallest mountain due to its peak's altitude
MT. EVEREST :>
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BONUS FACTS
farthest peak from the center of the earth
MT. CHIMBORAZO :>
134
BONUS FACTS
this is considered a MAARS, which was caused by phreatomagmatic eruption situated in Laguna
SEVEN LAKES OF SAN PABLO :>
135
A vent in the surface of the Earth or another rocky planet from which hot volcanic gases and vapors are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids.
Fumarole
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A natural volcanic steam vent in which SULFUR GASES are the dominant constituent along with hot water vapour.
Solfatara
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Two tectonic microplates located in the Molucca Sea resembling a SCISSOR where OPHIOLITES can be found between them
Sangihe and Halmahera
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Enumerate the 24 Active Volcanoes in the Philippines (From Northernmost to Southernmost)
1. Iraya
2. Smith
3. Babuyan Claro
4. Didicas
5. Camiguin de Babuyanes
6. Cagua
7. Pinatubo
8. Taal
9. Banahaw
10. Isarog
11. Iriga
12. Mayon
13. Bulusan
14. Biliran
15. Kanlaon
16. Cabalian
17. Hibok-Hibok
18. Musuan
19. Ragang
20. Makaturing
21. Leonard Kniassef
22. Matutum
23. Parker
24. Bud Dajo
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A lung disease caused by inhaling volcanic ash
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
