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PETROLOGY > Metamorphism, Metamorphic Processes, And Metamorphic Products > Flashcards

Metamorphism, Metamorphic Processes, And Metamorphic Products Flashcards

1
Q

The process of change or transformation of a pre-existing rock, in solid state, into another due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.

A

Metamorphism

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2
Q

A form of metamorphism due to hydrothermal fluids exchanging constituents with an external source.

A

Metasomatism

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3
Q

Increase in temperature and pressure.

A

Prograde Metamorphism

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4
Q

Decrease in temperature and pressure.

A

Retrograde Metamorphism

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5
Q

Metamorphism that affects areas with less than 100 square kilometers.

A

Local Metamorphism

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6
Q

Metamorphism that affects areas greater than 100 square kilometers.

A

Regional Metamorphism

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7
Q

Also known as “Protoliths”, are the original rocks from where the produced metamorphic rocks transformed from.

A

Parent Rocks

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8
Q

The type of metamorphic rock that will be produced can also depend on what their ________ is.

A

Protolith

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9
Q

Agent of Metamorphism that provides energy for chemical reactions and recrystallization of minerals.

A

Heat

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10
Q

Agent of Metamorphism that provides stress in equal directions or varying amounts in different directions.

A

Pressure

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11
Q

Agent of Metamorphism that provides and enhances mobility of ions present.

A

Chemically Active Fluids

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12
Q

Give the temperature range, pressure range, and depth range for LOW GRADE metamorphism.

A

Temperature: 200-300 Degrees Celcius
Pressure: 300-600 MegaPascals
Depth: 0-6 kilometres

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13
Q

Give the temperature range, pressure range, and depth range for INTERMEDIATE GRADE metamorphism.

A

Temperature: 300-500 Degrees Celsius
Pressure: 600-1000 MegaPascals
Depth: 2-20 Kilometeres

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14
Q

Give the temperature range, pressure range, and depth range for HIGH GRADE metamorphism.

A

Temperature: >500 Degrees Celsius
Pressure: >1000 MegaPascals
Depth: >20 Kilometres

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15
Q

Type of pressure that is also called as confining pressure, is a uniform or isotropic form of pressure, where pressure is equal in all directions, which usually produces equant grains and non-foliated texture of metamorphic rocks.

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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16
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is also called as?

A

Confining Pressure

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17
Q

Is also called as the burying stress, is a non-uniform or anistropic form of pressure, where pressure in unequal in all directions, which usually produces inequant grains in all directions and foliated texture of metamorphic rocks.

A

Lithostatic Stress

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18
Q

Lithostatic stress is also called as?

A

Burying Pressure

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19
Q

A variable temperature, low pressure metamorphism that develops locally where hot magma intrudes relatively cold, upper crustal country rock.

A

Contact Metamorphism

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20
Q

Products of Contact Metamorphism.

A

Hornfels, Metaquartzite, and Skarn

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21
Q

Type of metamorphism characterized by chemical alteration from circulating fluids within cracks and fissures. Pervasive at ocean spreading ridges that experience tension, thinning, and uplift, causes metasomatism.

A

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

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22
Q

Products of Hydrothermal Metamorphism.

A

Alteration Products and Metallic Ore Deposits

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23
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Albite, Paragonite (Na-rich Mica)

Description: High temperature alteration resulting in Na enrichment.

A

Albitic

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24
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Alunite and Sulfate Minerals

Description: Occurs in hot spring environments and gold-copper pophyry deposits by oxidation of sulfate minerals.

A

Alunitic

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25
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Kaolinite, Smectite, Illite

Description: Low temperature decomposition of feldspars in acidic conditions and occurs in gold deposits hosted by sedimentary rocks.

A

Argillic

26
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Carbonate Minerals: Calcite, Dolomite and Ankerite, and accessory minerals: Chlorite, Sericite, and Albite.

Description: Replacement by Carbonate Minerals at variable temperatures.

A

Carbonitization

27
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Sericite, Quartz, and Pyrite

Description: Decomposition of silicic rocks and is associated with porphyry copper deposits.

A

Phyllic

28
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Biotite, Potassium Felspar, and Adularia

Description: High temperature alteration in silicic magma, resulting in K enrichment, and commonly underlies phyllic zones.

A

Potassic

29
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Chlorite, Epidote, Actinolite, and Tremolite

Description: Low to moderate temperature decomposition of basic and ultrabasic rocks enriched in pyroxene and amphibole, biotite and plagioclase, and also occurs in gold-copper porphyry deposits.

A

Propylitic

30
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Sericite

Description: Alteration of feldspars.

A

Sericitic

31
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Serpentine and Talc

Description: Low temperature alteration of basic and ultrabasic rocks.

A

Serpentinization

32
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Quartz and Chert

Description: Replacement by silica minerals at variable temperatures.

A

Silication

33
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Albite

Description: Low temperature alteration of Ca-plagioclase to Albite

A

Spilitization

34
Q

Given the major minerals and description, what is the type?

Major Minerals: Zeolite Minerals

Description: Low temperature replacement of glass in volcanic rocks.

A

Zeolitic

35
Q

Term for fine-grained mica minerals.

A

Sericite

36
Q

A regional metamorphism induced by increase in pressure and temperature with non-uniform stress, which produces foliated textures, mostly aerially extensive, and dominates convergent margins and associated fold and thrust belts.

A

Dynamothermal Metamorphism

37
Q

Products of Dynamothermal Metamorphism.

A

Greenschist, Amphibolite, Granulite, Blueschist, and Eclogite

38
Q

Metamorphism that results from increase in lithostatic stress caused by deep burial of rocks and produces non-foliated textures, affects regional subsiding basins that accumulate thick sequences of sediments and volcanic debris, and usually starts at 300 Degrees Celsius and gradational with diagenesis at depths of about 8 Kilometres.

A

Burial Metamorphism

39
Q

Products of Burial Metamorphism.

A

Non-foliated rocks with low temperature mineral assemblages.

40
Q

A local form of metamorphism generated by explosive volcanic eruptions or relatively rare collisions of extraterrestrial objects with Earth, causong a high strain rate.

A

Impact Metamorphism

41
Q

Producs of impact metamorphism.

A

Impactites, Breccias, Shocked Quarts Lamellae, Pseudotachylites, Coesite, and Stishovite

42
Q

Induced primarily by non-uniform stress in fault zones and shear zones, where the high strain rate is mostly local but extend to a regional scale in large faults or shear zones, and most likely occur in the same fault or shear zone.

A

Dynamic Metamorphism

43
Q

Products of Dynamic Metamorphism.

A

Cataclasites, Pseudotachylites, and Mylonites

44
Q

Given the temperature, pressure, depth, and products, identify which kind of metamorphism is induced.

Temperature: High

Pressure/Depth: Low pressures at shallow depths (0-6 Kilometres)

Products: Non-foliated, fine-grained; Hornfels

A

Contact

45
Q

Given the temperature, pressure, depth, and products, identify which kind of metamorphism is induced.

Temperature: High

Pressure/Depth: Moderate pressures

Products: Mg-Fe rich Hydrous Minerals

A

Hydrothermal

46
Q

Given the temperature, pressure, depth, and products, identify which kind of metamorphism is induced.

Temperature: Moderate

Pressure/Depth: High pressures over an extensive area at considerable depths (5-20 Kilometres, sometimes >30 Kilometres).

Products: High-grade, foliated metamorphic rocks

A

Dynamothermal

47
Q

Given the temperature, pressure, depth, and products, identify which kind of metamorphism is induced.

Temperature: Varying

Pressure/Depth: Varying Pressures and Depth

Products: Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

A

Burial

48
Q

Given the temperature, pressure, depth, and products, identify which kind of metamorphism is induced.

Temperature: Very High

Pressure/Depth: Very High Pressures at Shallow Depths

Products: High-pressure polymorphs of minerals.

A

Impact

49
Q

A low temperature, brittle grain-fracturing process that involves grain size reduction through mechanical grinding, rotation and crushing of rock.

A

Cataclasis

50
Q

A fine-grained, non-foliated, clastic metamorphic rock produced by cataclastic processes.

A

Cataclasite

51
Q

A ductile grain reduction process that produces oriented grains of smaller diameter.

A

Mylonitization

52
Q

A product of mylonitization characterized by grain size reduction via macroscopic scale cataclasis, plastic stretching, and thinning associated with ductile deformation.

A

Mylonite

53
Q

Occurs in metamorphic rocks where individual atoms or molecules can migrate in gaseous, liquid, or solid phases from one location in a rock body to a new location.

A

Diffusion

54
Q

Involves the dissolution of solid grains under high compressive stress conditions.

A

Pressolution

55
Q

An insoluble seam that accumulates as soluble minerals dissolve.

A

Stylolite

56
Q

Occurs when existing minerals are transformed under higher temperature and/or pressure conditions, without experiencing a significant change in chemical composition.

A

Recrystallization

57
Q

The nucleation and growth of new minerals as pre-existing minerals become unstable due to temperature or pressure changes.

A

Neocrystallization

58
Q

Newly formed minerals that are ditinctly larger than the minerals in the surrounding matrix.

A

Pophyroblasts

59
Q

The segregation of minerals in an initially homogenous rock due to different physical or chemical characteristics, such as solubility, ductility, mineral growth, or crystallization temperature.

A

Differentiation

60
Q

Partially melted rocks that form by quenching under high strain rates in shear zone fractures.

A

Pseudotachylites

61
Q

A metamorphic halo in the contact zone that surrounds it, produced from the head of the igneous intrusion, and can range from centimeters to hundreds of meters in diameter.

A

Aureole

62
Q

Regional metamorphism is usually associated to?

A

Covergent and Divergent Plate Boundaries

PETROLOGY (15 decks)

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