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PETROLOGY > Igneous Petrology (intro) > Flashcards

Igneous Petrology (intro) Flashcards

1
Q

Known as “primary rocks” that originated from solidified magma or lava.

A

Igneous rock

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2
Q

Known as “secondary rocks” which formed as a result of lithified fragments of pre-existing rocks.

A

Sedimentary

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3
Q

Rocks that formed as a result of pre-existing rocks undergoing metamorphism due to being subjected to heat, pressure, and fluids.

A

Metamorphic

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4
Q

rock that consists of multiple crystals of a single mineral.

A

Monomineralic rock

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5
Q

A rock that consists of multiple types of minerals and/or mineraloids.

A

Polymineralic rock

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6
Q

A model showing the origins, relationships and processes between rock types and other geologic materials.

A

Rock cycle

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7
Q

A model showing the origins, relationships and processes between rock types and other geologic materials.

A

Rock cycle

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8
Q

Magma is generated by

A

Partial melting

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9
Q

contains liquids, crystals, gases, and rock fragments in varying proportions depending upon temperature, pressure and chemistry conditions.

A

Magma

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10
Q

Magma that rises and erupts onto the surface of Earth.

A

Lava

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11
Q

The liquid portion of the magma.

A

Melt

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12
Q

The gaseous portion of the magma (H20, COz, S, Cl, F).

A

Volatiles

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13
Q

The solid portion of the magma.

A

Crystal

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14
Q

The processes were the magma or lava looses its heat and crystallizes.

A

Crystallization

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15
Q

Rocks that formed as a result of crystallization of magma or lava

A

Igneous rocks

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16
Q

Igneous rocks that formed beneath the surface as a result of loosing mobility.

A

Plutonic rock

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17
Q

Other name for intrusive igneous rock

A

Plutonic rock

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18
Q

Will tend to have larger crystal sizes as they have time to grow.

A

Plutonic rocks

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19
Q

Igneous rocks that solidified at the surface as a result of extrusion.

A

Extrusive rock

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20
Q

Will tend to have smaller crystal sizes as they rapidly cool and crystallize from the cooler environment.

A

Volcanic rock

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21
Q

The process where your pre-existing rock is heated to the point of partially melting.

A

Partial melting

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22
Q

The partial melting within the Earth’s crust.

A

Anatexis

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23
Q

When magmas that were generated by some other mechanism intrude into cold crust, they bring with them heat. Upon solidification, they lose this heat and transfer it to the surrounding crust

A

Temperature increase

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24
Q

Increase of temperature with depth

A

Geothermal gradient

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25
Q

Known as adiabatic melting

A

Decompression melting

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26
Q

occurs as a result of decrease in pressure in the system.

A

Decompression melting

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27
Q

Where do decompression melting occur

A

Divergent plate boundaries

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28
Q

Agents that reduces melting temperature of a substance.

A

Flux

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29
Q

The presence of volatiles in rocks acts as fluxes, weakening the bonds of atoms in the minerals, such as the Si-o bond, making them easier to melt.

A

Addition of volatile

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30
Q

Where do addition of volatiles usually occur

A

Subduction zone

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31
Q

Occurs when crystallization along the walls of the magma chamber in which crystals
preferentially form and adhere to the edges.

A

Marginal accretion

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32
Q

Includes fractionation processes that occur when crystals develop with significantly different densities than the surrounding magma.

A

Gravitational separation

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33
Q

A process during fractional crystallization where the first dense minerals that mineralize SINK and accumulate at the BOTTOM of the magma body.

A

Crystal settling

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34
Q

process during fractional crystallization where the first lighter minerals that mineralize FLOAT and accumulate at the top of the magma body.

A

Crystal floatation

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35
Q

process during magma cooling that occurs when the magma body is subjected to stress, squeezing off the melt from the magma body,

A

Filter pressing

36
Q

Occurs whereby liquids
and crystals are segregated due to factors such as velocity, density or temperature.

A

Convective flow segregation

37
Q

Two or more dissimilar magmas
coexist but retaining their distinctive characteristics.

A

Magma mingling

38
Q

Thorough mixing of two or more magmas,
with the individual characteristics no longer recognizable.

A

Magma mixing

39
Q

Thorough mixing of two or more magmas,
with the individual characteristics no longer recognizable.

A

Magma Mixing

40
Q

The incorporation and digestion of solid or fluid foreign materials, such as the wall rock.

A

Magmatic assimilation

41
Q

Inclusions in magmatic bodies.

A

Xenolith

42
Q

One parent magma fractionates to produce two or more distinctly different daughter
magmas with different compositions.

A

Liquid fractionation

43
Q

Involves the selective diffusion of ions in the magma due to compositional, thermal or density gradients, and water content,

A

Differential diffusion

44
Q

Also known as liquid-liquid fractionation,

A

Liquid immiscibility

45
Q

separation of magma into two
or more distinct immiscible liquid phases.

A

Liquid immiscibility

46
Q

A graphical method used to discriminate samples through their chemical content into correctly identifying an igneous rock.

A

Variation diagram

47
Q

Igneous rocks that are dominantly composed of dark-colored silicates, but can commonly appear green,

A

Ultramafic

48
Q

These are major constituents of ophiolites and mantle.

A

Ultramafic

49
Q

Igneous rocks that are dominantly composed of dark-colored silicates, such as pyroxenes,
plagioclase and amphiboles.

A

Mafic

50
Q

These are major constituents of oceanic crusts.

A

Mafic

51
Q

Also called as basaltic

A

Mafic

52
Q

Igneous rocks that are gray-colored to salt-and-pepper, depending on the size of the mineral grains.

A

Intermediate

53
Q

These are major constituents of volcanic arcs.

A

Intermediate

54
Q

Igneous rocks that are dominantly composed of light-colored silicates, such as quartz and feldspars.

A

Felsic

55
Q

These are major constituents of continental crust.

A

Felsic

56
Q

A direct type of classification
of composition that
involves visual comparison of minerals and
determining their volume percentages.

A

Modal classification

57
Q

indirect type of classification of composition that analyzes the chemical composition of rocks.

A

Normative classification

58
Q

SiO2% content of ultrabasic

A

Less than 45

59
Q

SiO2% content of basic

A

45 - 52%

60
Q

SiO2% content of intermediate

A

52-63%

61
Q

SiO2% content of acidic

A

66%

62
Q

A volcanic Ultramafic rock

A

Komatiite

63
Q

A plutonic ultramafic rock.

A

Peridotite

64
Q

A plutonic mafic rock

A

Gabbro

65
Q

A volcanic mafic rock.

A

Basalt

66
Q

A plutonic, salt and pepper colored rock

A

Diorite

67
Q

A volcanic, gray colored rock

A

Andesite

68
Q

A plutonic, light-colored (felsic) rocks, containing approximately two-thirds SiO2

A

Granodiorite

69
Q

A volcanic, light-colored (felsic) rocks, containing approximately two-thirds SiOz,

A

Dacite

70
Q

A plutonic, light-colored (felsic) rocks containing more than two-thirds SiO, (silicic or acidic)

A

Granite

71
Q

A volcanic, light-colored (telsic) rocks containing more than two-thirds SiO, (silicic or acidic)

A

Rhyolite

72
Q

Light-colored, felsic, frothy, vesicular rock.

A

Pumice

73
Q

Dark-colored, mafic, frothy, vesicular rock.

A

Scoria

74
Q

A dark-colored, silicic, non-crystalline igneous rock that has a glassy texture.

A

Obsidian

75
Q

A dark-colored, basic, non-crystalline igneous rock that has a glassy texture.

A

Tachylite

76
Q

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS STRUCTURES (IIS):

Plutons of more or less irregular shape with surface exposures ≥ 100 square kilomemetres.

A

Batholith

77
Q

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS STRUCTURES (IIS):

Plutons with surface exposures ≤ 100 square kilometres.

A

Stocks

78
Q

Intrusive Igneous Structures: Concordant Plutonic Structures

A tabular, concordant pluton that parallels the country rock.

A

Sill

79
Q

Intrusive Igneous Structures: Concordant Plutonic Structures

A dome-like concordant pluton characterized by a dome roof and flat floor.

A

Laccolith

80
Q

Intrusive Igneous Structures: Concordant Plutonic Structures

A dish-shaped concordant pluton that has a “champagne glass” appearance in a section view.

A

Lopolith

81
Q

Fractured rocks along a magma chamber’s wall.

A

Stopes

82
Q

Consists of genetically-related magmas with a composition that evolved from a common, original, parental magma.

A

Magma Series

83
Q

Record a progressive decrease in iron and magnesium with increasing SiO₂, and alkali concentrations due to the early crystallization of ferromagnesian minerals, hence, an enrichment in alkaline minerals.

Produce largely andesites, dacites, rhyolites, and high-alumina basalts (BADR).

Dominantly occurs along convergent margin environments with volcanic arcs and subduction zones.

A

Calc-Alkaline Magmas

84
Q

Experience enrichment in iron at low to moderate SiO2 concentrations with increasing fractionation due to depleted MgO and CaO from early crystallization of forsterite olivine and Ca-plagioclase.

Produce large volumes of basalt with little variations in composition.

Dominantly occurs extensional environments such as ocean ridges and continental rifts, and some hotspots in intraplate settings and immature arcs in thin volcanic arc crusts.

A

Tholeiitic Magmas

85
Q

Magmas that are less common than calc-alkaline or tholeiitic magmas, highly enriched in Na₂O and/or K₂O and contains an extremely diverse compositions that have SiO₂ contents ranging from 0-65%.

Occurs in a wide variety of environments that include stable cratons, continental rifts and subduction zones.

A

Alkaline Magmas

86
Q

Characterized by high concentrations of silicic and basic rocks, with little intermediate rocks, and associated with continental rifts.

Its basic component is derived from partial melting of the mantle, while its silicic component is derived from the partial melting of the continental crust from the heating of the rising basic magmas.

A

Bimodal Magma Suites

PETROLOGY (15 decks)

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