Chemical Sedimentary Rocks (Non-Clastic) Flashcards
Dominantly composed of calcareous components.
Carbonates
Dominantly composed of calcareous components.
Carbonates
Rock deposits that formed as precipitates from evaporation.
Evaporites / Evaporite Deposit
Sedimentary rocks that are dominantly composed of silica.
Siliceous Deposits
Organic-dominated rocks.
Organic carbonaceous rocks
Dominantly composed of iron.
Ironstones
Dominantly composed of phosphate minerals.
Phosphates
Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of calcite.
Limestone
Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of dolomite.
Dolostone
A process where dolostone are products of diagenetic processes that converted calcite carbonates to dolomite.
Dolomitization
Mud-sized carbonate particles in limestones and dolostones.
Micrites
sand- to gravel-sized carbonate particles that include shells, ooids, limeclasts, and peloids.
Grains
Grains are also called as
Allochem
The process where micro-boring activity of blue-green, cyanophyte bacteria.
Micritization
can be made up of various-sized sediments or pellets composed of carbonate minerals.
Clastic carbonate
Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of ooids.
Oolite
Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of pisoids.
Pisolite
Carbonate rocks
with gravel-sized particles.
Calcirudite/Dolorudite
Carbonate rocks with sand-sized particles.
Calcarenite/Dolarenite
Carbonate rocks with mud-sized particles.
Calcilutite/Dololutite
A coarse limestone made up of poorly cemented shells and shell fragments.
Coquina
A soft, porous variety of limestone made up of almost entirely hard parts of microscopic marine organisms.
Chalk
A type of limestone
commonly deposited in caves.
Travertine
A type of limestone commonly deposited in hot springs.
Tufa
Commmon term for Stalactites, Stalagmites, and Columns
Speleothems
Carbonate-forming animals that include Snails
Molluscs
Carbonate-forming animals that include Seashells
Bivalves
Carbonate-forming animals that is under the Mollusca Phylum
Gastropods
Carbonate-forming animals that include Sea urchins
Echinoids
Carbonate-forming animals that include Sea Lilies
Crinoids
Carbonate-forming animals that are single-celled organisms composed of calcite
Foraminifera
Carbonate-forming animals that include Corals
Cnidaria
Carbonate-forming plant that is an important source of biogenic carbonates
Algae
Carbonate-forming plant characterized as a Red Algae that encrust surfaces
Rhodophyta
Carbonate-forming plant characterized as a Green, rod-shaped algae
Chlorophyta
Carbonate-forming plant characterized as a Yellow-Green Algae
Nanoplankton
An important prehistoric Carbonate-forming organism
Cyanobacteria
A Phytoplankton with Calcite test
Coccolithophore
Non-clastic Sedimentary rock formed via precipitating solutions
Evaporites / Evaporite Deposit
Most commonly encountered evaporite minerals in sedimentary rocks.
Gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O)
Anhydrite (CaSO4)
How many percent volume of water evaporates to precipitate into Gypsum and Anhydrite?
19%
Precipitates as thick crystalline beds
Halite (NaCl)
How many percent volume of water evaporates to precipitate into Halite?
9.5%
Sequence of Evaporites Deposition
- Calcite
- Gypsum
- Anhydrite
- Halite
- Sylvite
- Carnallite
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of silica. Forms through accumulation of siliceous skeletons
Siliceous / Siliceous Deposits
Enumerate the two siliceous skeletons
Diatoms (Phytoplankton) and Radiolaria (Zooplankton)
The siliceous skeletons occur as what?
Siliceous Ooze
Non-clastic sed rock made up of microcrystalline quartz
Chert
Black Chert
Flint
Red Chert
Jasper
Green Chert
Prase
Concentric Chert
Chalcedony
Non-clastic sedimentary rock dominantly composed of phosphate deposits that may form organically
Phosphates
Rocks with high concentrations of phosphates
Phosphorites
Calcium Phosphate mineral
Francolite
Fossilized Feces that is high in phosphates
Coprolite
Bat Shit
Guano
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of iron
Ironstones
Precambrian rocks where most of iron is mined today
Banded Iron Formation (BIF)
Type of BIF that dominated the Archean Fe-rich sed rocks
Algoma-type
algoma-type BIF formed between???
3.8 Ga and 2.6 Ga
Type of BIF that dominated the Proterozoic Fe-rich sed rocks
Superior-type
True or False
Superior-type is larger than Algoma-type
True
Superior-type BIF formed between?????
2.6 Ga - 1.8 Ga
and
0.8 Ga - 0.5 Ga
Type of BIF that deposited immediately during glaciation of the SNOWBALL EARTH PERIOD
Rapitan-type
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks that is rich in carbonaceous or organic components
Carbonaceous
Organic-rich deposit that generally form in swamps
Peat
Remains of plant materials that accumulates underwater in anoxic conditions
Sapropel
Anoxic conditions mean?
Low-oxygen conditions
Sed rock rich in solid organic matter
Coal
A classification of coal based on how “cooked” they are
Coal Rank
Enumerate the Coal Rank
- Lignite
- Sub-bituminous
- Bituminous
- Anthracite
What coal rank do we have in the Philippines/Semirara?
Sub-bituminous
Mudrocks that are rich in organic materials that can be extracted as oil (liquid) or gas (natural gas)
Oil Shales
Forms from Fossils of Microorganisms
Petroleum
Star-like fossil partcles that can usually be seen with sands.
Forams
In the sequence of formation of the evaporite minerals, what are the main characteristic of the minerals that precipitates first?
Less Soluble
Full name for the Folk’s Classification for Carbonate Sediments.
Folk’s Textural Classification of Carbonate Sediments
Full name for the Folk’s Classification of Carbonate Rocks
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks
A type of classification system that bases on the characteristics of the depositional texture of a sedimentary rock.
Dunham Classification
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Intraclast + Sparry Calcite
Intrasparite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Intraclasts + Micrite Matrix
Intramicrite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Oolite + Sparry Calcite
Oosparite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Oolite + Micrite Matrix
Oomicrite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Fossils + Sparry Calcite
Biosparite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Fossils + Micrite Matrix
Biomicrite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Pellets + Sparry Calcite
Pelsparite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Bearing Rocks
Pellets + Micrite Matrix
Pelmicrite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Lacking Rocks
Microcrystalline Calcite
Micrite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Lacking Rocks
Microcrystalline Calcite + Spar
Dismicrite
Folk’s Basic Classification of Carbonate Rocks: Allochem Lacking Rocks
Autochthonous Reef Rocks
Biolithite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Over 2/3 Micrite Matrix
Percent Allochems: 0-1%
Other Factors: Matrix Supported Allochems, Quiet Water Deposition
Micrite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Over 2/3 Micrite Matrix
Percent Allochems: 1-10%
Other Factors: Matrix Supported Allochems, Quiet Water Deposition
Fossiliferous Biomicrite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Over 2/3 Micrite Matrix
Percent Allochems: 10-50%
Other Factors: Matrix Supported Allochems, Quiet Water Deposition
Sparse Biomicrite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Over 2/3 Micrite Matrix
Percent Allochems: Over 50%
Other Factors: Matrix or Grain Supported Allochems, Quiet Water Deposition or Wave Current Activity
Packed Biomicrite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Subequal Spar and Micrite
Percent Allochems: Subequal Spar and Micrite
Other Factors: Grain Supported Allochems, Quiet Water Deposition or Wave Current Activity
Poorly Washed Biosparite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Over 2/3 Spar Cement
Sorting: Sorting Poor
Other Factors: Grain Supported Allochems, Quiet Water Deposition or Wave Current Activity
Unsorted Biosparite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Over 2/3 Spar Cement
Sorting: Sorting Good
Other Factors: Grain Supported Allochems, Wave/Current Activity
Sorted Biosparite
Folk’s Textural Classification for Carbonate Sediments
Characteristics: Over 2/3 Spar Cement
Sorting: Rounded and Abraded
Other Factors: Grain Supported Allochems, Wave/Current Activity
Rounded Biosparite
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components not Bound During Deposition
Mud-Supported, Less than 10% grains
Mudstone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components not Bound During Deposition
Mud-Supported, More than 10% grains
Wackestone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components not Bound During Deposition
Grain-Supported
Packstone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components not Bound During Deposition
Lacks mud and is grain-supported.
Grainstone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components not Bound During Deposition
Matrix-Supported
Floatstone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components not Bound During Deposition
Supported by >2mm clast components
Rudstone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components Organically Bound During Deposition
Can be divided into three types.
Boundstone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components Organically Bound During Deposition
Boundstone: By organisms which acts as baffles.
Bafflestone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components Organically Bound During Deposition
Boundstone: By organisms which encrust and and bind.
Bindstone
Dunham Classification: Depositional Texture Recognizable
Original Components Organically Bound During Deposition
Boundstone: By organisms which build a rigid framework.
Framestone
Dunham Classification:
Depositional Texture NOT Recognizable
Crystalline
The depth wherein deeper than that specific depth, HYDROUS SILICA will not be able to form, for it will be dissolved.
Opal Compensation Depth
The depth wherein deeper than that specific depth, CARBONATES will not be able to form, for it will be dissolved.
Carbonate Compensation Depth
Other name for diatoms.
Phytoplankton
Other name for radiolaria.
Zooplankton
Siliceous skeletons that occur as siliceous ooze.
Diatoms(phytoplankton) and Radiolaria(Zooplankton)
