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PETROLOGY > Igneous Rocks Association > Flashcards

Igneous Rocks Association Flashcards

1
Q

Suites of rocks that form in response to similar geologic conditions

A

Petrotectonic Associations

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2
Q

It is an igneous association primarily driven by the DECOMPRESSION OF ASTHENOSPHERE, producing basic (mafic) melts that solidifies to PRODUCE OCEANIC CRUSTS

A

Divergent Plate Boundary Magmatism

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3
Q

A sequence of the oceanic lithosphere containing four distinct layers.

A

Ophiolitic Sequence

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4
Q

Slices of Ocean Lithosphere preserved in landmasses

A

Ophiolites

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5
Q

A layer of the Ophiolitic sequence that is composed of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

A

Layer 1

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6
Q

A layer of the Ophiolitic sequence that is composed of PILLOW BASALTS

A

Layer 2a

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7
Q

A layer of the Ophiolitic sequence that is composed of Diabase Dikes

A

Layer 2b

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8
Q

A fine-grained intrusive igneous rock similar to Gabbro and Basalt

A

Diabase

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9
Q

A layer of the Ophiolitic sequence that is composed of 3 sublayers:
1. Isotropic Gabbro,
2. Layered Gabbro, and
3. Layered Peridotite

A

Layer 3

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10
Q

A layer of the Ophiolitic sequence that marks the boundary of the Mohorivic Discontinuity

A

Layer 4

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11
Q

Basalts and Gabbros distinctly formed from partial melting of Iherzolite at Ocean Spreading Centers

A

Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts (MORB)

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12
Q

A type of MORB that is depleted in incompatible elements that represents 20-30% partial melting of a depleted mantle source

A

Normal MORB (N-MORB)

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13
Q

A type of MORB that contains incompatible elements that represents ~10-15% partial melting of residual mantle rock

A

Enriched MORB (E-MORB)

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14
Q

Ions that are easily accommodated in the crystal lattice and structure.
Concentrated in Solid Crystals.

A

Compatible Elements

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15
Q

Ions that do not fit into the mineral structure of rock-forming minerals during crystallization.
Concentrated in the Melts

A

Incompatible Elements

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16
Q

Small, highly charged incompatible elements

A

High Field Strength (HFS) Elements

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17
Q

Low field strength incompatible elements that are more mobile (especially in fluid phase)

A

Large Ion Lithophile (LIL) Elements

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18
Q

Specific common elements but rarely occurs in significant amount enough to be extracted

A

Rare Earth Elements (REE)

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19
Q

A variable that can diversify magma composition where it states that a Thicker Continental Crust overlying subduction zones produces peraluminous, potassic, and intermediate silicic rocks. While, Thin Oceanic Crust produces metaluminous, and mafic to intermediate rocks.

A

Composition and Geometry of Crust

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20
Q

A variable where the relative proportion of the materials being partially melted affects the magma’s composition

A

Composition of Material Undergoing Anatexis

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21
Q

A variable that can diversify magma composition where it states that volatile-rich minerals can lower the melting temp of the mantle above the subduction zone

A

Flux Melting

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22
Q

A variable that includes the processes Fractionation, Assimilation, Magma mixing, and Metamorphic reactions that alters the magma composition.

A

Diversification processes

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23
Q

A variable that can diversify magma composition where it states that steeply inclined subduction zones allow the melting of thick mantle slabs, while shallow dipping allows only thin mantle slabs to melt.

A

Dip Angle of the Subduction Zone

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24
Q

A calc-alkaline volcanic rock suite of convergent margins and one of the most voluminous rock assemblages on Earth

A

Basalt, Andesite, Dacite, Rhyolite (BADR)

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25
Q

A Tholeiite containing 16% wt. of Al2O3 concentrations

A

Arc Tholeiites

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26
Q

A Tholeiite containing higher alkali (K2O) concentration without iron enrichment

A

Calc-alkaline Tholeiites

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27
Q

An andesite found in youthful island arc systems containing 52%-57% SiO2

A

Basaltic Andesite

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28
Q

An andesite common in mature continental arc systems and containing 57%-63% SiO2.

A

Silicic Andesite

29
Q

This contains 63%-68% SiO2 (but extended to 73% by TAS)

A

Dacite

30
Q

Also known as Shoshonite composed of 66%-69% SiO2

A

Trachyandesite

31
Q

This contains greater than 69% and associated with explosive silicic eruptions

A

Rhyolite

32
Q

This rock contains 68%-73% SiO2

A

Rhyodacite

33
Q

These are developed/formed on the overlying ocean lithosphere plate above subduction zones

A

Island Arcs

34
Q

This contains Ca-rich Plagioclase and Quartz, with minor Potash Feldspar, Biotite, and Hornblende

A

Tonalite

35
Q

Also known as Plagiogranite which are granodioritic rocks with 1/2 to 2/3 Na-rich Plagioclase for total Feldspar content

A

Trondhjemite

36
Q

Produces low potassium arc tholeiite basalts and rare rocks such as Boninites and Adakites

A

Young Island Arc System

37
Q

A high-magnesium, intermediate volcanic rock containing SiO2-saturated groundmass

A

Boninite

38
Q

Silica-saturated rocks with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and low HSF concentrations

A

Adakite

39
Q

An Archean association found in archean subduction zones where Adakite formation are linked to.

A

Tonalite, Trondhjemite, and Granodiorite (TTG) Associations

40
Q

Develops behind an arc during lithospheric extension

A

Backarc Basins

41
Q

Arcs producing voluminous granodiorite, diorite, granite, and tonalite plutons which erupts and produce composite (strato) volcanoes

A

Ocean-Continent Convergent Margin

41
Q

These are mature convergent arcs that involves subduction of an oceanic lithosphere beneath continental lithosphere, and produces more silicic magmas.

A

Continental Margin Arcs

42
Q

A dark-colored, potassium-rich Trachyandesite

A

Shoshonite

43
Q

Continent-Continent collisions where the lower continental lithosphere does not subduct, but essentially breaks and underplate producing a doubly thick lithosphere

A

Continent Collision Zones

44
Q

These are fault-bounded, deformed rock sequences that mark the site of present or former convergent margins

A

Alpine Orogenic Complexes

45
Q

An intensely sheared, heterogenous rock assemblage embedded within a mud matrix

A

Tectonic Melange

46
Q

A type of granite that is derived from MANTLE-derived parental magmas. Wherein, COPPER and GOLD mineralization are associated to this type.

A

M-Type Granites

47
Q

A type of Granite generated by the melting of an IGNEOUS protolith. Wherein, Porphyry COPPER, TUNGSTEN, and MOLYBDENUM deposits are associated.

A

I-type Granites

48
Q

A type of granite produced by the melting of SEDIMENTARY crustal rocks in collision zones. TIN deposits are associated.

A

S-Type Granites

49
Q

A type of granite considered as anorogenic rocks produced by activities that do not involve subduction and collision of lithospheric plates. ALKALI-RICH, relatively ANHYDROUS ROCKS are associated.

A

A-Type Granites

49
Q

A magma generation within lithospheric plates which may be inititated by HOTSPOT activity, CONTINENTAL RIFTS, or OVERTHICKENED CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE.

A

Intraplate Magmatism

50
Q

Greatest mainfestation of Intraplate magmatism that has a volume greater than 106 cubic km, and is generally BASALTIC.

A

Large Igneous Provinces (LIP)

51
Q

LIPs that are more SILICIC in composition

A

Silicic Large Igneous Provinces (SLIP)

52
Q

Involves Ocean Islands and Plateaus formed above mantle hotspots that erupts anomalously high volumes of tholeiitic and alkalic basalts lava to the ocean floor.

A

Oceanic Intraplate Magmatism

53
Q

Volcanic landforms that rises upward above sea level

A

Ocean Islands

54
Q

Volcanically produced peaks below sea level

A

Seamounts

55
Q

These are broad, flat-topped areas produced from lava flowing laterally from source vents

A

Oceanic Plateaus

56
Q

A suite of rocks that are more alkalic, less depleted, and may be enriched with incompatible elements

A

Ocean Island Basalts (OIB)

57
Q

Magmatism and volcanism within continental plates

A

Continental Intraplate Magmatism

58
Q

Huge outpurings of basalts within continental plates

A

Continental Flood Basalts (CFB)

59
Q

A continental feature that produces wide array of rocks, including alkalic basalt, alkalic, and silicic rocks.

A

Continental Rifts

60
Q

Widespread occurrence of BASALT AND RHYOLITE at continental rifts and hotspots underlying continental lithosphere

A

Bimodal Volcanism

61
Q

These are anorogenic bodies injected into stable continental cratons at moderate depths

A

Layered Basic-Ultrabasic Intrusions

62
Q

Ultrabasic Volcanic rocks found exclusively in Archean greenstone belts associated with valuable metallic ore deposits

A

Komatiite

63
Q

Brecciated, magnesium-rich ultrabasic rocks that are intimately associated with diamonds

A

Kimberlites

64
Q

Shallow intrusive to volcanic rocks that contains greater than 20% CO3 minerals.

A

Carbonatite

65
Q

The only known active volcano to produce carbonatites

A

Ol doinyo Lengai

66
Q

Magnesium- and volatile-rich porphyritic rocks containing mafic phenocrysts, and associated with Kimberlites and Continental Rift Zones.

A

Lamprophyre

67
Q

Potassium-rich, peralkaline rocks, but relatively poor in CO2 and occur in areas of thickened lithosphere that have experienced earlier plate convergence or rifting.

A

Lamproite

PETROLOGY (15 decks)

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