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PCOG > Volatile Oils > Flashcards

Volatile Oils Flashcards

7 pages

1
Q

odoriferous principles in plants

A

VOLATILE OILS

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2
Q

function of volatile oils

A

insect repellants & attractant

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3
Q

Other name of Volatile Oil
a. Ethereal oil
b. Essential oil
c. Essences
d. Olea aetherea
e. AOTA

A

AOTA

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4
Q

used to repel mosquitos

A

Citronella & Eucalyptus

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5
Q

insect repellant to cockroach

A

Pandan

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6
Q

Drying agent to purify essential oils

A

Anhydrous calcium sulfate

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7
Q

Principal component of essential oils

A

terpenes

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8
Q

Rutaceae (citruses) & Pinaceae (pines) VO location

A

Schizogenous/lysigenous

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9
Q

Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae (celery family) VO location

A

Oil tubes called vittae

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10
Q

Piperaceae (peppers) VO location

A

Modified parenchyma cells

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11
Q

Lamiaceae/ Labiatae (mints) VO location

A

Glandular trichomes

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12
Q

Rose (and many others) VO location

A

Petals

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13
Q

Cinnamon VO location

A

Bark

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14
Q

t/f VO has nutritive value

A

false. only fixed oils ang meron

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15
Q

fixed oil : rancidify
volatile oil : ____________

A

resinify

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16
Q

t/f can be distilled from natural sources

A

true

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17
Q

t/f Terpenes came from Mevalonate pathway, thus are aromatic

A

false. Terpenes are acyclic/straight-chain or cyclic but NOT aromatic.

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18
Q

Pathway where aromatic volatile oil came from

A

from phenylpropanoid from the Cinnamic acid in the Shikimic acid pathway

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19
Q

t/f Tetraterpenes are pigments which are not classified as VO

A

true

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20
Q

t/f there are many methods of obtaining VO. but for oils that cannot be heated, EXPRESSION is used for them

A

true

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21
Q

Equipment: Clavenger Apparatus (small scale)

A

DISTILLATION

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22
Q

Distillation principle

A

Difference in boiling points

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23
Q

Cohobation

A

Distillation

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24
Q

__________ repeated distillation in a such a way that the volatile oils will be purified

A

Cohobation

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25
Q

t/f Better volatile oil product if repeated distillation is used

A

true

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26
Q

distillation applied to dried plant material not injured by boiling

A

WATER DISTILLATION

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27
Q

water distillation example

A

turpentine - from pine tree

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28
Q

distillation applied to dried and fresh materials that may be injured by heat

A

WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION

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29
Q

Ex. Cinnamon, Clove

A

WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION

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30
Q

distillation where steam passed through the macerated mixture

A

Indirect water and steam distillation

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31
Q

distillation applied to fresh materials (own moisture) where no maceration i needed

A

DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION

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32
Q

Steam forced thru the fresh herb, carries oil droplets thru vapor pipe

A

DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION

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33
Q

Ex. Peppermint, Spearmint

A

DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION

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34
Q

Method of obtaining VO used for glycosidic volatile oils

A

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS

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35
Q

Enzymatic hydrolysis of sinigrin yields _________

A

allyl isothiocyanate

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36
Q

precursor to allyl isothiocyanate

A

Sinigrin

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37
Q

t/f Allyl isothiocyanate (from Black mustard) is volatile

A

true. Black mustard is under ester volatile oil

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38
Q

Best method used for citrus volatile oils whose aroma is injuriously affected by heat

A

EXPRESSION

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39
Q

expression where Rind is used

A

SPONGE PROCESS

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40
Q

expression where whole fruit is used

A

EUCELLE METHOD

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41
Q

t/f In Eucelle method, citrus oil glands are punctured as fruits are rolled over a pan with spikes

A

true

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42
Q

example of eucelle method

A

lemon oil, orange oil

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43
Q

expression which Uses either sponge or Ecuelle after centrifugating

A

MACHINE PROCESS

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44
Q

most important constituent of volatile oil, upon H+ forms p-cymene

A

Citral

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45
Q

Cymene : hydrocarbon VO
Citral : _______ VO

A

aldehyde

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46
Q

method which use Soxhlet apparatus, and volatile solvent systems like benzene, ether

A

EXTRACTION

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47
Q

Advantage & Disadvantage of Extraction

A

Advantage: Fast way; quality is preserved (controlled temperature at 50°C)
Disadvantage: Expensive

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48
Q

extraction which use of inodorous, bland fat (pomade)/ fixed oil

A

MACERATION

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49
Q

extraction which use moderate heat, same as maceration

A

DIGESTION

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50
Q

Enfleurage is suitable in obtaining ______ amounts of volatile oil in plant parts like flower petals

A

SMALL amt of VO

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51
Q

fatty products impregnated with the floral odor in enfleurage is called the ?

A

Pomade

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52
Q

bland fat used in enfleurage

A

spread lard 60% and beef tallow 40%

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53
Q

in production of perfumes and pomade, oil is isolated by

A

alcohol extraction

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54
Q

t/f Enfleurage is a very tedious process, but produces the best quality volatile oil

A

true

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55
Q

Alcohol + Volatile oil + some waxes

A

CONCRETE

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56
Q

In percolation with volatile solvents, what is the CHIEF solvent

A

highly purified petroleum benzene

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57
Q

In percolation with volatile solvents, ___________ removed by vacuum distillation and the resulting product is known as concrete

A

VOLATILE

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58
Q

_________________ contain the plant or flower waxes, removed by dissolving the odorous portion in strong alcohol and separating the insoluble waxes by filtration

A

CONCRETE

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59
Q

how to remove small quantities of alcohol an insoluble waxes

A

chill to 20 C

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59
Q

result of chilling to 20 C

A

ABSOLUTE (pure VO)

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60
Q

Heating without access of air

A

DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION

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61
Q

example of Destructive distillation

A

Tar, which is topically applied for certain skin diseases such as psoriasis

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61
Q

t/f Smoke-like / Empyreumatic oils obtained from destructive distillation is not used in perfumery

A

true

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62
Q

(perfumery) Most volatile, leave the skin rapidly

A

Top note

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63
Q
A
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63
Q

(perfumery) Low volatility and high tenacity; “fixatives” or the staying power of perfume

A

Base note

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64
Q

(perfumery) Top notes (LAL)

A

Lemon,
Anise,
Lavender

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65
Q

(perfumery) Middle note (TNR)

A

Thyme,
Neroli,
Rose Oils

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66
Q

(perfumery) Base note (VMCA)

A

Vanillin, Musk, Civet, Ambergis

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67
Q
A
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68
Q

(perfumery)
orange flower oil (flower of orange fruit)

A

Neroli

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69
Q

(perfumery)
only fixative from plants

A

Vanillin

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70
Q

(perfumery)
Base note which can be isolated by aggravating the animal, without killing them

A

Musk and civet

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71
Q

(perfumery)
vomit of spermwhale which cannot be isolated easily

A

Ambergis

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72
Q

(perfumery)
Musk : _______
Civet : ________
Ambergis : _________

A

Male musk deer
Civet cats
Spermwhale

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73
Q

broad class of VO

A

1) TERPENOIDS
2) PHENYLPROPANOIDS / AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

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74
Q

Formed via the acetate-mevalonate acid pathway

A

TERPENOIDS

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75
Q

Terpenes found most COMMONLY in volatile oils

A

Monoterpenes

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76
Q

Forms the largest class of Terpenoids

A

Sesquiterpenes

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77
Q

Most non-aromatic volatile oils

A

hydrocarbons, alcohol

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78
Q

Formed via the shikimic acid pathway

A

PHENYLPROPANOIDS / AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

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79
Q

Phenylpropanoid precursor

A

Cinnamic acid

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80
Q

biosynthesis of VO:
derived from limonene

A

Monoterpenes

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81
Q

biosynthesis of VO: determine skeletal class of the terpene

A

Cyclases

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82
Q

biosynthesis of VO:
Occur in plants as glycosides with the presence of a sugar components

A

Monoterpenes

83
Q

biosynthesis of VO:
Geranyl pyrophosphate: __________
Neryl pyrophosphate: ___________

A

Geranyl: trans-precursor of acyclic monoterpenes (no ring!)
Neryl: cis-precursor of cyclic monoterpenes

84
Q

Geranyl PP (C10PP) give rise to

A

Monoterpenes (C10)

85
Q

Farnesyl PP (C15PP) give rise to

A

Sesquiterpenes (C15)

86
Q

Squalene gives rise to

A

Triterpenes

87
Q

Paclitaxel (antineoplastic)

A

Diterpenes (#4 isoprene)

87
Q

Neem (Azadirachta indica)

A

Triterpenes (#6 isoprene)

87
Q

example of limonene (most widely distributed)

A

Monoterpenes (#2 isoprene)

88
Q

Quinghaosu (Artemisia annua)

A

Sesquiterpenes (#3 isoprene)

89
Q

common source for antimalarial agent

A

Quinghaosu (Artemisia annua)

89
Q

Hydrocarbon portion of the oil (liquid)

A

ELEOPTENE

90
Q

Components of VO

A

Eloptene, Stearoptene

91
Q

insect repellant

A

Neem (Azadirachta indica)

92
Q

Ex: menthol (crystal form), anethole, thymol

A

STEAROPTENE

92
Q

Ex: eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, eugenol

A

ELEOPTENE

92
Q

Oxidized hydrocarbon portion of the oil (solid)

A

STEAROPTENE

93
Q

When using non-volatile solvent like glycerin, the process is called _____________

A

Levigation

93
Q

_____________ is powdered using alcohol through pulverization by intervention

A

Menthol

93
Q

Linears/Acyclic HC VO

A

Myrcene

94
Q

Dicyclics HC VO

A

Pinene, sabinene, cadinene, caryophyllene
(PiSaCadCar)

94
Q

Monocyclics HC VO

A

Limonene, Cymene

95
Q

Rectified turpentine oil treated with HNO3 in alcohol (elixir)

A

Terpin hydrate / Terpinol

95
Q

Turpentine oil treated with aq. NaOH

A

Rectified turpentine oil

95
Q

Scientific Name: volatile oil from Pinus palustris
Constituent: a-pinene, b-pinene
Use: counterirritant

A

TURPENTINE OIL / PINE TREE OIL / SPIRIT OF TURPENTINE

96
Q

Generic name: Camphor, Eucalyptus oil, and Menthol
brand name:

A

Vicks VapoRub

97
Q

Scientific Name: Juniperus oxycedrus
Constituent: Cadinene, phenolic compounds
Use: Veterinary, skin diseases

A

JUNIPERS CADE

98
Q

Phenolic compounds in juniper constituent

A

guaiacol, ethylguaiacol, cresol

99
Q

precursor of guaifenesin

A

Guaiacol

100
Q

t/f Juniper distillate is allowed to stand for at least 30 days when a layer of oil of cade may be separated

A

false. AT LEAST 15-20 DAYS

101
Q

Scientific Name: Juniperus communis
Use: Diuretic and antiseptic

A

JUNIPER

102
Q

diuretic, carminative, antirheumatic function of Juniper

A

Oil of juniper

103
Q

key material for production of gin

A

Juniper

104
Q

Prolonged intake may cause kidney damage due to

A

high terpene HC content and low proportion of terpinen-4-ol

105
Q

Linear Alcohol VO

A

geraniol, linalool, citronellol, nerol

106
Q

Monocyclic Alcohol VO

A

menthol, terpineol

107
Q

Dicyclic alcohol VO

A

borneol

108
Q

Washed away in the process of steam distillation

A

Borneol

109
Q

Scientific Name: Mentha piperita
Family: Lamiaceae
Constituent: menthol

A

PEPPERMINT OIL

110
Q

Thymol & peppermint oil is refrigerated at _____ C to become menthol

A

22 C

111
Q

carminative, counterirritant, flavor in
chewing gums (Listerine®)

A

Peppermint oil

112
Q

topical antipruritic, counterirritant

A

Menthol

113
Q

menthol internal use

A

cardiac depressant (orally administered at high amount)

114
Q

High menthol concentration than M. piperita but has an inferior flavor

A

JAPANESE PEPPERMINT OIL

115
Q

Scientific Name: Coriandrium sativum
Constituent: linalool

A

CORIANDER OIL / KOLANTRO

116
Q

Used as water for bathing when an individual has a chicken pox

A

Linalool

117
Q

Scientific Name: Elettaria cardamomum
Constituent: cineol

A

CARDAMOM OIL

118
Q

Scientific Name: Rosa gallica
Constituent: geraniol, nerol, citronellol

A

ROSE OIL / OTTO OF ROSE

119
Q

Scientific Name: Citrus aurantium
Constituent: linalool

A

NEROLI OIL / ORANGE FLOWER OIL

120
Q

Scientific Name: Juniper communis
Constituent: a-pinene, b-pinene

A

JUNIPER OIL

121
Q

t/f Juniper oil contains alcohol but is more considered under hydrocarbon volatile oil because of the pinene

A

true

122
Q

Scientific Name: Pinus palustris
Constituent: α-terpineol

A

PINE OIL

123
Q

Linear Aldehyde VO

A

geranial, neral, citronellal

124
Q

cyclic aldehyde VO

A

cinnamaldehyde, vanillin

125
Q

Pathway where vanillin and cinnamaldehyde is derived from

A

Shikimic acid pathway

126
Q

precursor of vanillin and cinnamaldehyde

A

Cinnamic acid

127
Q

Scientific Name:
- dried bark of Cinnamomum loureirii (Saigon Cinnamon)
- Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon)
- Cinnamomum cassia (Cassia Cinnamon)
Constituent: cinnamaldehyde
Use: flavor, carminative

A

CINNAMON / CASSIA OIL

128
Q

Scientific Name: Citrus limon
Constituent: citral

A

LEMON OIL

129
Q

cause of lemon oil flavor

A

citral (neral + geraniol)

130
Q

formed when limonene undergo decomposition/resinification

A

terebinthinate odor

131
Q

t/f When a drug exudes a terebinthinate odor, it is recommended to be dispensed immediately.

A

false DO NOT DISPENSE

132
Q

specific term for volatile oils which undergo resinification

A

Terebinthinate odor

133
Q

t/f Volatile oils with high terpenes easily resinify, thus 95% of terpenes are removed

A

true. this results to no deterioration and no odor but HIGH price

134
Q

95% terpenes removed, no deterioration, no odor; but ↑ price

A

Terpeneless oils

135
Q

Scientific Name: Citrus sinensis (sweet orange fruit)
Constituent: limonene, decanal

A

ORANGE OIL

136
Q

Scientific Name: Cymbopogon citratus
Constituent: citronellal, citral
Use: natural insect repellant

A

CITRONELLA OIL / LEMONGRASS OIL / TANGLAD

137
Q

Scientific Name: Hamamelis virginiana
Constituent: 2-hexen-1-al, acetaldehyde
Use: astringent in hemorrhoid preparations

A

HAMAMELIS WATER / WITCH HAZEL EXTRACT

138
Q

Monocyclic ketone VO

A

menthone, carvone, pulegone, diosphenol

139
Q

Dicyclic ketone VO

A

camphor, fenchone, thujone

140
Q

t/f Diosphenol is a phenol but in Ketone VO

A

false. it is a KETONE

141
Q

Scientific Name: Cinnamomum camphora
Use: topical antipruritic, counterirritant, anti-infective

A

CAMPHOR

142
Q

Natural camphor: R - Dextrorotatory
Natural menthol: ________________________

A

L-Levorotatory

143
Q

t/f Racemic volatile oil do not have optical rotation

A

true

144
Q

______________ camphor is in optically inactive racemic form

A

synthetic

145
Q

Scientific Name: Mentha spicata
Constituent: carvone
Use: flavor, carminative

A

SPEARMINT

146
Q

only mint that does not have a menthol

A

SPEARMINT

147
Q

Scientific Name: Carum carvi
Constituent: carvone

A

CARAWAY

148
Q

Scientific Name: Barosma betulina
Constituent: Diosphenol
Use: for menstrual problems, diuretic

A

BUCHU

149
Q

Scientific Name: Artemisia absinthium
Constituent: thujone (counterirritant); absinthin, artabsinolides

A

WORMWOOD / ABSINTHE OIL / DAMONG MARIA

150
Q

t/f wormwood is used for menstrual problems and gall bladder problems

A

true. also used to:
Promotes appetite, strengthens treatment of colds and influenza, expulsion of round worms

151
Q

Scientific Name: Thuja occidentalis
Constituent: thujone

A

CEDAR LEAF OIL

152
Q

VO that come from the shikimate pathway

A

Phenol VO

153
Q

Phenol VO (CET)

A

Carvacrol, eugenol, thymol

154
Q

Scientific Name:
- Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris)
- Horsemint oil (Monarda punctata)
Use: antifungal, topical antibacterial

A

THYMOL

155
Q

Scientific Name: clove, Eugenia caryophyllus
Constituent: chemically 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol
Use: dental analgesic, toothache drops

A

EUGENOL

156
Q

used for the synthetic preparation of vanillin

A

eugenol from clove oil

157
Q

Scientific Name: Pimenta racemosa
Constituent: eugenol

A

MYRCIA OIL / BAY OIL

158
Q

Scientific Name: Fagus grandiflora
Constituent: guaiacol, creosol

A

CREOSOTE / BEECHWOOD CREOSOTE / PIX LIQUIDA

159
Q

precursor to antitussive guaifenesin

A

guaiacol

160
Q

Scientific Name: Juniper oxycedrus
Constituent: cadinene
Use: local antieczematic (Polytar®)

A

JUNIPER TAR / CADE OIL

161
Q

Scientific Name: Pinus palustris
Constituent: phenol, creosol
Use: local antieczematic, anti-psoriasis

A

PINE TAR

162
Q

Scientific Names:
- Origanum onites (pot marjoram)
- Origanum vulgare (wild marjoram)
Family: Lamiaceae
Constituents: Carvacrol, thymol
Use: Antitussive and Expectorant

A

OREGANO

163
Q

hallucinogenic agent in prison inmates (amphetamine-like), convulsive at high doses

A

Myristicin, elemicin

163
Q

Scientific Name: Myristica fragrans
Family: Myristicaceae
Constituent: Primarily a-pinene, b-pinene, sabinene, myristicin, elemicin
Use: flavoring agent, carminative

A

NUTMEG OIL / MYRISTICA OIL

163
Q

Scientific Name: Illicium verum
Constituent: trans-anethole

A

CHINESE STAR ANISE OIL

163
Q

Traditionally used for digestive disorders, pharyngeal infections, and mild fevers

A

OREGANO

163
Q

_________ have thyme-like odor

A

OREGANO

163
Q

Scientific Name: Foeniculum vulgare
Constituent: trans-anethole
Use: Purgative

A

FENNEL OIL

163
Q

Phenolic Ether VO

A

Anethole, safrole, asarone

163
Q

Scientific Name: Pimpinella anisum
Constituent: trans-anethole , methylchavicol
Use: For cough and colds

A

ANISE OIL

164
Q

Scientific name: Acorus calamus
Family: Acoraceae
Constituents: Asarone, related to myristicin

A

SWEET FLAG

164
Q

Has AChE inhibitory activity

A

Sweet flag, Asarone

164
Q

Germination inhibitors of lettuce seeds

A

Sweet flag, Asarone

164
Q

Scientific Name: Sassafras albidum
Family: Lauraceae
Constituents: Safrole (toxic)
Use: Flavoring agent (previously in rootbeer)

A

SASSAFRAS

165
Q

related to myristicin

A

Asarone

166
Q

t/f Oxide Volatile Oils are often seen as cyclic ethers

A

true. in oxidative VO, ether is inside the ring

167
Q

OXIDE VOLATILE OILS

A

Eucalyptol, ascaridole

168
Q

Scientific Name: Eucalyptus globulus
Constituent: cineole, eucalyptol, cajuputol
Use: Flavor, antiseptic, diaphoretic, Ointment and liniments

A

EUCALYPTUS OIL

169
Q

other use of Eucalyptus oil

A

expectorant, coughs

170
Q

allied drug of eucalyptus oil

A

Mindanao gum

171
Q

Scientific Name: Eucalyptus deglupta
Use: Stimulant, antiseptic, antimalarial (due to its oxide volatile oil)

A

MINDANAO GUM

172
Q

ETHER VOLATILE OILS (GL, PM, All)

A

Gaultheria
Lavender
Pine Needle
Mustard
Rosemary
Alliaceous Plants

173
Q

gaultheria oil / wintergreen oil / betula oil / sweet birch oil

A

GAULTHERIA / WINTERGREEN / TEABERRY /
CHECKERBERRY

174
Q

Scientific Name: Gaultheria procumbens (also from bark of Betula lenta)
Use: antirheumatic, antiseptic, flavor

A

GAULTHERIA / WINTERGREEN / TEABERRY /
CHECKERBERRY

175
Q

constituent of Gaultheria found in Pau liniment

A

methyl salicylate

176
Q

t/f Gaultheria is fatal when 10 mL is ingested by children

A

true

177
Q

Scientific Name: Lavandula angustifolia
Constituent: linalyl acetate
Use: Relaxing oil for aromatherapy (massage, headache)

A

LAVENDER OIL

178
Q

Scientific Name: Pinus mugo
Constituent: bornyl acetate

A

PINE NEEDLE OIL

179
Q

Scientific Name: Brassica nigra
Constituent: allyl isothiocyanate
Use: Rubefacient

A

MUSTARD OIL

180
Q

Scientific Name: Rosmarinus officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae
Constituents: Bornyl acetate, 3% rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid
Use: Antibacterial, carminative, spasmolytic; used in aromatherapy

A

ROSEMARY

181
Q

Scientific Names:
x Garlic (Allium sativum)
x Onion (Allium cepa)
x Leeks (Allium odorum)
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Constituents: Allicin, alliin

A

ALLIACEOUS PLANTS

182
Q

alliaceous plants use

A

htn, hyperlipidemia, VO, rubefacient, antidiabetic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, expectorant

183
Q

The following are group under alcohol volatile oil except
a. Peppermint
b. Rose
c. Turpentine
d. Juniper

A

Turpentine

184
Q

The volatile oil which is used as an analgesic agent?

A

Eugenol- Phenol Volatile Oil

185
Q

The volatile oil with amphetamine like effect?

A

Nutmeg oil- Phenolic Ether Volatile Oil

186
Q

Which of the following serves as the source of tannin and volatile oils?
a. Orange
b. Pine
c. Hammamelis
d. Turpentine

A

Hamamelis - Aldehyde volatile oil

187
Q

The active ingredient found in teaberry?

A

Methyl salicylate

PCOG (12 decks)

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