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PCOG > Alkaloids > Flashcards

Alkaloids Flashcards

10 pages

1
Q

Organic nitrogenous compounds with varied pharmacologic actions

A

ALKALOIDS

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2
Q

Only liquid alkaloids (CNSA)

A

Coniine, Nicotine, Sparteine, Arecoline

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3
Q

Characteristics of Alkaloids

A

Basic pH, bitter taste; usually crystalline or amorphous

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4
Q

t/f Majority of the activities of plants is due to alkaloids

A

true

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5
Q

t/f To be a true alkaloid, it should be derived from amino acids.

A

true

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6
Q

Secondary amine: R2NH

A

ephedrine

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7
Q

Primary amine: RNH2

A

Mescaline

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8
Q

Alkaloids are generally white solid substance except _____________ (yellow) & ________________ (colorless, yields red salts)

A

berberine (yellow)
sanguinarine (colorless, yields red salts)

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9
Q

known as blood root, used by Indians
to color their faces. Colorless when its still in the plant, but when cut and exposed to oxygen, it becomes red.

A

Sanguinaria

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10
Q

Rich in berberine which undergoes extraction then evaporation, its extract will turn to brownish-yellow.

A

Makabuhay

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11
Q

Tertiary amine: R3N

A

atropine

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12
Q

Alkaloids derived from Lysine

A

Connine, Lobeline

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13
Q

Alkaloids derived from L-tryptophan

A

Strychnine, LSD

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14
Q

Quaternary amine

A

tubocurarine

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15
Q

Alkaloids derived from L-tyrosine

A

Morphine, Papaverine

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16
Q

Alkaloids derived from Ornithine Aspartate

A

Nicotine

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17
Q

Alkaloids derived from Ornithine

A

Cocaine, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine

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18
Q

Alkaloids derived from Tyrosine

A

Morphine, Berberine, hydrastine, emetine, sanguinarine, opium alkaloids

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19
Q

Alkaloids derived from Tryptophane

A

Quinine

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20
Q

Alkaloids derived from Purine (Aspartate, Glycine, Glutamine)

A

Caffeine, Theobromine, theophylline

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21
Q

Remedy for alkaloid’s insolubility in water, soluble in organic solvents (fat soluble)

A

Convert them into salts to be soluble in water

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22
Q

Known as free alkaloids

A

ALKALOIDAL BASE

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23
Q

t/f Alkaloids are soluble in ether, chloroform, and other non-polar solvents <isolation></isolation>

A

true

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24
Q

freely soluble in water

A

ALKALOIDAL SALTS

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25
Q

Alkaloidal base (Free alkaloids) + inorganic acid

A

Alkaloidal salts

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26
Q

Alkaloidal salts + inorganic base

A

Alkaloidal base (Free alkaloids)

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27
Q

narcotine without narcotic effect

A

anarcotine

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28
Q

narcotine (1803)

A

Derosne

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29
Q

most important opium alkaloid

A

Morphine

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30
Q

Serturner

A

morphine

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31
Q

Pelletier and Caventou

A

BESPQCCC
brucine, emetine, strychnine, piperine, quinine, caffeine, colchicine, coniine

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32
Q

coniine

A

Schiff

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33
Q

first alkaloid with established structure

A

coniine

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34
Q

t/f True alkaloids are rare occurrence in other organisms

A

true

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35
Q

lysergic acid derivatives and sulfurcontaining alkaloids are best known in ?

A

fungi

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36
Q

t/f alkaloids are present in amphibians (many are antimicrobial)

A

true

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37
Q

Pteridophytes

A

Ephedra, Taxus

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38
Q

plant with Paclitaxel as chemotherapeutic agen

A

taxus

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39
Q

ephedra

A

source of Ephedrine

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40
Q

It is onsidered the heart of universal antidote because its mechanism is by precipitation. It inhibits further absorption of alkaloid in the stomach.

A

Tannic acid

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41
Q

Rgt: Potassium mercuric iodide
(+) result: Cream/yellowish ppt

A

Mayer’s rgt

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42
Q

Rgt: Potassium bismuth iodide
(+) result: Orange ppt

A

Dragendroff’s rgt

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43
Q

Rgt: Iodine in potassium iodide
(+) result: Reddish brown ppt

A

Wagner’s rgt

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44
Q

Rgt: Cadmium in potassium iodide
(+) result: Cream/yellowish ppt

A

Marme’s rgt

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45
Q

Rgt: Mercuric iodide
(+) result: White ppt

A

Valser’s rgt

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46
Q

Rgt: Phosphotungstic acid
(+) result: Reddish brown ppt

A

Scheibler’s rgt

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47
Q

Rgt: Phosphomolybdic acid
(+) result: Amorphous yellow white ppt

A

Sonnenchein’s rgt

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48
Q

Mahogany red

A

Picric acid

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49
Q

Buff color ppt

A

Tannic acid

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50
Q

Ppt

A

Gold salt test

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51
Q

Marquis: Marquis rgt, (+) blue

A

Codeine

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52
Q

Hasseman: Ferric Chloride, (+) Blood red

A

Codeine

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53
Q

Codeine Tests

A

Marquis, Hasseman

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54
Q

Atropine Test

A

Vitali, Gulielmo, Gerard’s

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55
Q

__________: Nitric acid, (+) gray ppt

A

Vitali

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56
Q

Gulielmo: Sulfuric acid, (+) ___________

A

Red with flower odor

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57
Q

___________: Ethanol, mercuric chloride, (+) yellow

A

Gerard’s

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58
Q

(+) Fine blue fluorescence, then green ppt with ammonia

A

Thalleoquin test for Quinine

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59
Q

Strychnine Test

A

Mandelin tets

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60
Q

Mandelin: Mandelin rgt, (+) violet

A

Strychnine

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61
Q

(+) purple color
(+) pink on paper chrom

A

Murexide test for Caffeine

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62
Q

emits a different color under UV (e.g., chlorophyll)

A

Fluorescence

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63
Q

substance emit color/light in the absence of light (glow in the dark)

A

Phosphorescence

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64
Q

t/f Almost all compounds considered to be alkaloids have their nitrogen atoms enclosed within a ring system

A

true. these are called TRUE alkaloids

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65
Q

not derived from AA and are sometimes called pseudoalkaloids

A

Heterocyclic “alkaloids”

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66
Q

protoalkaloids

A

do not have nitrogenous alkaloids (ex. ephedrine)

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67
Q

Non-heterocyclic ring

A

protoalkaloids

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68
Q

lacks one or more properties of alkaloids in that they are feeble bases.

A

Non-heterocyclic ring

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69
Q

contain nitrogen in a side chain

A

non-heterocyclic ring / protoalkaloids

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70
Q

t/f Protoalkaloids are alkaloids due to their physiological action rather than their chemical nature

A

true

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71
Q

alkaloid products from shikimic acid pathway

A

Chorismate : CAPA
Prephenate : PALF

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72
Q

Chorismate products

A

Anthraquinone, Phenol, Alcohol

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73
Q

Prephenate products

A

Aldehyde, Lactone, Flavonoid

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74
Q

Quaternary amine + carbanion

A

Mannich-type condensation, which produces alkaloid

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75
Q

true alkaloids or typical alkaloids

A

Heterocyclic

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76
Q

Traditionally called pyridine-piperidine alkaloids

A

“P” ALKALOIDS

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77
Q

Pyridine - from ______
Piperidine - from _____
Pyrrolidine - from _____
Pyrrolizidine - from _____

A

Pyridine - from ornithine or aspartate
Piperidine - from lysine
Pyrrolidine - from ornithine or aspartate
Pyrrolizidine - from ornithine

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78
Q

Pyridine-Piperidine Alkaloids

A

NiCo SpaLo
Nicotine (pyri)
Coniine (piper)
Sparteine (piper)
Lobeline (piper)

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79
Q

Scientific Name: Nicotiana tabaccum
Derivative of pyrrolidone

A

NICOTINE

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80
Q

Use: smoking deterrent, CNS stimulant, cholinergic neurotransmitter

A

NICOTINE

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81
Q

t/f Nicotine is addictive, can increase tolerance

A

true

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82
Q

Scientific Name: Areca catechu
Constituent: arecoline

A

ARECA NUT / BETEL NUT / NGANGA

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83
Q

areca nut tox/ high tannin content

A

risk of mouth / esophageal cancer

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84
Q

Use: masticatory (betel chewing), taenicide, anthelmintic (veterinary)

A

ARECA NUT / BETEL NUT / NGANGA

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85
Q

anti-taenia specie (tapeworm)

A

Taenicide

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86
Q

Scientific Name: Lobelia inflata
Constituent: lobeline

A

LOBELIA / INDIAN TOBACCO

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87
Q

less addictive than nicotine

A

lobeline

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88
Q

Use: smoking deterrent (ingredient in tablets and lozenges), resuscitation of newborn infants

A

LOBELIA / INDIAN TOBACCO

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89
Q

toxic effect of Lobelia

A

Paralytic

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90
Q

Scientific Name: Conium maculatum
Family: Apiaceae
Constituents: Coniine

A

POISON HEMLOCK

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91
Q

KOH allows coniine to develop strong, mouse-like odor due for the ____________

A

liberation of coniine

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92
Q

Used by Greeks for preparing draught by means of which criminals were put to death

A

poison hemlock / coniine

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93
Q

lethal injection of the Greeks

A

POISON HEMLOCK

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94
Q

Chief source of atropine

A

DUBOISIA

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95
Q

Scientific Name: Duboisia myoporoides
Chief: source of atropine; also has hyoscyamine,
scopolamine

A

DUBOISIA

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96
Q

Scientific Name: Duboisia hopwoodii
Constituents: nicotine, nornicotine
Use: Used like tobacco

A

PITURI / AUSTRALIAN TOBACCO

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97
Q

Hepatotoxic alkaloids

A

PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS

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98
Q

t/f Besides hepatotoxicity, pyrrolizidine alkaloids are also carcinogenic and mutagenic

A

true

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99
Q

(pyrrolizidine) used to treat hypertension without extensive studies, causing people to have hepatic necrosis and problems

A

Comfrey

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100
Q

(pyrrolizidine) Indicine use

A

antitumor

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101
Q

(pyrrolizidine) has glycosidase inhibitory activity which reduce postprandial increase in blood sugar

A

Australine

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102
Q

hepatotoxic properties of pyrrolizidine alkaloids are from

A

breakdown to alkylating pyrrole esters

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103
Q

Tropic acid fragment is derived from

A

phenylalanine

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104
Q

bicyclo [3.2.1] structure (encircled)

A

Tropane

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105
Q

tropane precursors

A

Ornithine, putrescine, and acetate

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106
Q

Scientific Name: Atropa belladonna
Constituents: hyoscyamine, atropine

A

BELLADONNA / DEADLY NIGHTSHADE

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107
Q

atropine is from

A

racemization of hyoscyamine

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108
Q

main uses of belladonna/atropine

A

antidote for organophosphate poisoning, anticholinergic

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109
Q

used for pupil dilation (mydriasis) to look beautiful

A

Sap of belladonna

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110
Q

antidote for organophosphate and carbamate poisoning

A

Atropine

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111
Q

muscarinic symptoms DUMBBELLS

A

Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchoconstriction, Bradycardia, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation

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112
Q

mechanism of atropine as antidote

A

antimuscarinic; reverse the muscarinic effects

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113
Q

second stage of organophosphate poisoning involves nicotinic symptoms which is reversed by

A

pralidoxime

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114
Q

atropine : ____________
pralidoxime : ____________

A

physiologic antidote, antimuscarinic
chemical antidote, antinicotinic

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115
Q

Scientific Name: Datura stramonium
Constituents: Hyoscyamine, scopolamine
Use: anticholinergic

A

STRAMONIUM / JIMSON WEED / JAMESTOWN WEED

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116
Q

main use of stramonium

A

vapor is used to relieve ASTHMA. vapor is burnt and smoke is inhaled as bronchodilator

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117
Q

Scientific Name: Hyoscyamus niger
Constituents: Hyoscyamine, scopolamine
Use: anticholinergic

A

HYOSCYAMUS / HENBANE

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118
Q

Scientific Name: Hyoscyamus muticus
Constituent: Hyoscyamine

A

Egyptian Henbane

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119
Q

Scientific Name: Datura metel and Datura fastuosa
Constituent: Rich source of scopolamine (“hyoscine”)

A

TALUMPUNAY / THORNAPPLE

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120
Q

Buscopan (Hyoscine butylbromide) use

A

antispasmodic

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121
Q

Side effect: constipation (GIT muscle relaxation)

A

Buscopan

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122
Q

Scopolamine + Morphine

A

Twilight sleep (anesthesia)

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123
Q

Scopolamine for motion sickness is available as ___________ placed behind the ear

A

patches, trans-scop/transderm-scop

124
Q

Talumpunay use

A

Use:
- Pre-anesthetic sedative depressant
- CNS depressant; anticholinergic; calming delirium

125
Q

t/f Talumpunay is not ideal to calm delirium since it is a CNS depressant

A

true. poses risk of addiction

126
Q

Scientific Name: Withania somnifera
Constituents: Tropine, pseudotropine, hygrine
Use: sedative

A

WITHANIA / ASHWAGANDHA

127
Q

Ashwagandha other use

A

sleeping, to relax, antioxidant

128
Q

Scientific Name: Mandragora officinarum
Constituents: Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, mandragorine

A

MANDRAGORA / EUROPEAN MANDRAKE

129
Q

Mandagorine use

A

stimulant

130
Q

Belladonna alkaloids are __________________

A

amino alcohol esters

131
Q

Scopolamine’s tropane portion is

A

Scopoline

132
Q

Aromatic portion of all belladonna alkaloids are

A

tropic acid

133
Q

Difference of scopoline and tropine

A

Scopoline - with epoxide portion

134
Q

Belladonna alkaloids

A

Scopolamine, Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, Atropine

135
Q

(belladonna alkaloids use) henbane

A

asthma

136
Q

(belladonna alkaloids use) atropine derivatives for asthma

A

ipratropium and tiotropium (quarternary)

137
Q

(belladonna alkaloids use) motion sickness

A

hyoscine N-butylbromide

138
Q

(belladonna alkaloids use) Hyoscine HBr

A

control of secretions pre-op

139
Q

(belladonna alkaloids use) eye examinations

A

atropine (mydriatic)

140
Q

(belladonna alkaloids use) Physiologic antidote for

A

organophosphate poisoning

141
Q

Scientific Name: Erythroxylum coca (Huanuco coca), E. truxillense (Truxillo coca, higher % yield)
Family: Erythroxylaceae
Constituents: Cocaine

A

COCA

142
Q

Divine plant of the Incas

A

Coca

143
Q

Prototype of local anesthetics

A

Cocaine

144
Q

t/f Cocaine has an innate vasoconstrictor effect which confines the anesthetic in that area

A

true

145
Q

Brompton’s cocktail

A

cocaine + morphine

146
Q

Brompton’s cocktail use

A

control severe pain in terminal cancer

147
Q

MOA of cocaine as psychomotor stimulant and euphoric

A

blocks reuptake of Dopamine, with strong abuse potential

148
Q

Results from Mannich reactions

A

QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS

149
Q

quinoline reaction in its beta-position gives

A

indolenine

150
Q

Quinolines causing extensive liver damage in animals using plants containing them as fodder

A

Quinolizidines

151
Q

Cinchona succirubra

A

Red cinchona

152
Q

C. calisaya

A

Yellow cinchona, Calisaya bark

153
Q

cinchona / peruvian bark constituents
quinine : _____________
quinidine : ______________

A

quinine : ANTIMALARIAL
quinidine : ANTIARRYTHMIC

154
Q

overdose of quinine/quinidine, resulting to loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, impaired sight

A

cinchonism

155
Q

Thalleoquine test is for ___________ which yields a (+) emerald green

A

Quinine and quinidine

156
Q

commercial source of quinidine

A

Cuprea bark (Remijia pedunculata)

157
Q

contains ditamine; antimalarial

A

Dita/ Australian quinine bark (Alstonia scholaris)

158
Q

quinine antimalarial MOA

A

prevents conversion of heme (toxic) to hemozoin (nontoxic) to induce death of Plasmodium

159
Q

for prophylaxis of cardiac arrhythmias and treatment of AFib

A

Quinidine

160
Q

malaria pigment

A

Haemozoin

161
Q

Scientific name: Camptotheca acuminata
Family: Nyssaceae
Constituent: camptothecin (CPT)

A

HAPPY TREE

162
Q

happy tree constituent

A

camptothecin (CPT)

163
Q

Acts as topoisomerase inhibitors especially in malignant cells

A

camptothecin (CPT)

164
Q

topoisomerase in tumor cells effect

A

Inhibit topoisomerase = inhibit DNA replication in tumors

165
Q

used for treatment of several types of cancer such as colon and lung cancer

A

Irinotecan, Topotecan (Camptothecin derivatives)

166
Q

class of Isoquinoline alkaloids

A

Benzylisoquinoline & Tetrahydroisoquinoline

167
Q

special class of isoquinoline; ex. Ipecac

A

Tetrahydroisoquinoline

168
Q

t/f Benzyl and Tetrahydroisoquinolines are both originated from tyrosine

A

true. both are derived from Dopamine, which originated from Tyrosine

169
Q

Scientific Name: rhizome and root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Rio/Brazilian)
Constituents: Cephaeline, emetine (methylcephaeline), psychotrine

A

IPECAC

170
Q

used in poison antidote kits, local emetic (irritant in GI)

A

IPECAC

171
Q

10% opium + ipecac; diaphoretic

A

Dover’s powder

172
Q

antiprotozoan, antiamebic (IM, SC)

A

Emetine HCl

173
Q

Emetine HCl MOA

A

Blocks protein synthesis.
Given when patient is unresponsive to metronidazole

174
Q

Scientific Name: Hydrastis canadensis
Constituents: Hydrastine, berberine, canadine
Use: Astringent in inflammation of mucous membranes

A

GOLDENSEAL / HYDRASTIS

175
Q

Scientific Name: Sanguinaria canadensis
Family: Papaveraceae
Constituents: Sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine

A

BLOOD ROOT / SANGUINARIA

176
Q

constituent of Sanguinaria which forms red salts

A

Sanguinarine

177
Q

t/f Blood root is used by Indians to clean faces, emetic, stimulant

A

false. used to STAIN faces

178
Q

Scientific Name: Strychnos castelnaei
Family: dried Loganiaceae
Constituent: Tubocurarine

A

SOUTH AMERICAN ARROWHEAD POISON /
TUBOCURARINE / CURARE

179
Q

Nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant without deep anesthesia

A

Tubocurarine

180
Q

Tubocurarine MOA

A

block nerve impulses to skeletal muscles thus PARALYZING effect

181
Q

animal test used to determine the least amount of drug capable of producing relaxation

A

Head drop test in rabbits

182
Q

Chick: (+) splitting or kneeling for

A

skeletal muscle relaxant

183
Q

Scientific Name: milky exudate (unripe capsule) of Papaver somniferum
Constituents: morphine

A

OPIUM

184
Q

Stone of immortality

A

OPIUM

185
Q

most important opium alkaloid

A

morphine

186
Q

first isolated morphine from opium

A

Serturner

187
Q

opium use

A

Use: CNS stimulant then depressant, narcotic analgesic, hypnotic

188
Q

Contains 10% morphine and minimum 1% codeine; thebaine limited to 3.0%

A

Prepared Opium BP/EP

189
Q

use of Paregoric / Camphorated opium
tincture

A

Antiperistaltic

190
Q

use of Laudanum / Opium tincture /
Deodorized opium tincture

A

Antiperistaltic

191
Q

use of Poppy seed / Maw seed

A

Used in baking

192
Q
  • Narcotic analgesic, hypnotic
  • AE: nausea and vomiting, constipation
A

Morphine

193
Q

most widely used opium alkaloid

A

Codeine / methylmorphine

194
Q

Requirement for dispensing narcotic analgesic

A

S2 license, DDD form, special presciption

195
Q

Antitussive, sedative, narcotic analgesic

A

Codeine / methylmorphine

196
Q

opium alkaloid that is habit-forming

A

Heroin / diacetylmorphine

197
Q

t/f Heroin has no good effect except being a narcotic analgesic

A

false. NO good effects talaga. Dangerous drug, hallucinogenic

198
Q

dehydrated morphine

A

Apomorphine

199
Q

central emetic for poisonings that stimulate CTZ (vomiting reflex)

A

Apomorphine

200
Q

smooth muscle relaxant, antitussive

A

Papaverine

201
Q

powerful narcotic analgesic, strong respiratory depressant

A

Hydromorphone

202
Q

t/f Hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, and codeine has the same
effect.

A

false. hydromorphone and hydrocodone have extreme adverse effects, thus not widely used

203
Q

anarcotic antitussive

A

Noscapine / narcotine

204
Q

antidiarrheal

A

Diphenoxylate, Loperamide

205
Q

anesthetic

A

Meperidine, Fentanyl

206
Q

detected by formation of deep red color on addition of ferric chloride

A

Meconic acid

207
Q

Chemotaxonomic marker for Papaveraceae which is long used to indicate opium

A

Meconic acid

208
Q

gives rise to narcotine and narceine (opium), canadine, berberine and hydrastine (Hydrastis), and sinomenine (Sinomenium)

A

Reticuline

209
Q

Test for Opium

A

Solubility of morphine in NaOH is explained by its phenolic nature

210
Q

alkaloid derived from tryptophan

A

indole alkaloid

211
Q

indole alkaloid by convention, but classified as a carbamate

A

physostigmine

212
Q

hallucinogenic indole derivatives

A

amanitins, reserpine, strychnine, Mitragyna alkaloid

213
Q

Scientific Name: root of Rauvolfia serpentina
Family: Apocynaceae
Constituents: Reserpine

A

RAUWOLFIA / INDIAN SNAKEROOT

214
Q

MOA of reserpine

A

depletion of NE by inhibiting storage in postganglionic adrenergic endings

215
Q

Rauwolfia/reserpine

A

Hypotensive (antihypertensive), sedative, tranquilizer, psychotherapeutic effect (not in the market anymore)

216
Q

Scientific Name: Catharanthus roseus
Constituents: vincristine, vinblastine
Use: Antineoplastic, oncolytic

A

PERIWINKLE / CHICHIRICA / VINCA / CATHARANTUS

217
Q

Periwinkle MOA as antineoplastic

A

arrest cell division at metaphase, antimitotic; where sister chromatids align at equatorial plate

218
Q

Scientific Name: ripe seed Strychnos nux vomica
Constituents: Strychnine, Brucine

A

NUX VOMICA / KATBALOGAN

219
Q

nux vomica consti as alcohol denaturant

A

Brucine

220
Q

nux vomica consti as central stimulant

A

Strychnine

221
Q

t/f Strychnine may result to tonic convulsions since it blocks inhibitory spinal impulses

A

true

222
Q

Commercial source of strychnine (vermin killer) and brucine

A

Ignatia / Ignatius beans (Strychnos ignatii)

223
Q

Scientific Name: Physostigma venenosum
Constituents: Physostigmine (aka eserine)

A

CALABAR BEAN / ORDEAL BEAN

224
Q

calabar bean use

A
  • treatment of glaucoma, myasthenia gravis
  • antidote to anticholinergic poisoning
225
Q

Scientific Name: Dried sclerotium of fungus Claviceps purpurea developed on rye bread Secale cereale (parasitic method)

A

ERGOT / RYE ERGOT / SECALE CORNUTUM / SPURRED RYE

226
Q

disease on rye plant

A

Ergot or spurred rye

227
Q

rye flour causes ______ when consumed

A

ergotism

228
Q

Ergotism which is St. Anthony’s Fire

A

Gangrenous

229
Q

Most common form of ergotism

A

Gangrenous

230
Q

Ergotism that is associated with vitamin A deficiency

A

Convulsive

231
Q

Derivative of lysergic acid

A

ergot

232
Q

from tryptophan and mevalonate

A

Ergoline

233
Q

mixture of ergocristine, ergocornine, and ergocryptine

A

Ergotoxine

234
Q

oxytocic, uterine stimulant

A

Ergonovine / ergometrine

235
Q

oxytocic (Methergine)

A

Methylergonovine

236
Q

used as specific analgesic for
migraine

A

ergotamine. sometimes dihydroergotamine

237
Q

water insoluble mixture of ergocristine, ergocornine, and ergocryptine

A

Ergotoxine

238
Q

serotonin antagonist, prophylaxis for migraine

A

Methysergide maleate

239
Q

most active and specific psychotomimetic by A. Hoffman

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

240
Q

Hallucinogenic, has lysergic acid amide (ergine) which is related to Ergot

A

Ololiuqui

241
Q

Derived from histidine

A

Imidazole alkaloid

242
Q

only imidazole alkaloid

A

Jaborandi

243
Q

Scientific Name: Leaflets of Pilocarpus jaborandi
Family: Rutaceae
Constituents: Pilocarpine
Use: muscarinic agonist o treatment of glaucoma

A

JABORANDI

244
Q

From mevalonic acid pathway

A

steroidal alkaloids

245
Q

Solanum alkaloids, veratrum alkaloids (SV)

A

C27

246
Q

Apocynaceae, Buxaceae

A

C21

247
Q

Jerveratrum alkaloids
contain 1-3 oxygens

A

Jervine, pseudojervine, veratrosine

248
Q

Cerveratrum
contain 7-9 oxygens

A

Germine, protoverine, veracevine

249
Q

Veratrum viride
Germidine and germitrine
Hypotensive
Cardiac depressant
Used as insecticide

A

American/Green Hellebore

250
Q

Veratrum album
Proveratrine A and B
Hypotensive
Used as insecticide

A

European/White Hellebore

251
Q

t/f Hellebore are only used as insecticide now because they are too toxic.

A

true

252
Q

known as protoalkaloids

A

ALKALOIDAL AMINES

253
Q

not have a nitrogen as part of their heterocyclic ring system, but are derived from amino acids

A

protoalkaloids

254
Q

t/f alkaloidal amines are derived from tryptophan

A

false. phenylalanine (nonpolar amino acid)

255
Q

Scientific Name: Ephedra sinica
Constituents: Ephedrine
Use: Combat hypotensive states, nasal congestion, asthma, allergic conditions

A

MA HUANG / EPHEDRA

256
Q

t/f Ma Huang/Ephedrine caused hemorrhagic stroke in female patients

A

true. this led to reformulation of nasal decongestants

257
Q

used in nasal decongestants instead of epinephrine

A

phenylephrine

258
Q

Scientific Name: Colchicum autumnale
Constituents: Colchicine

A

AUTUMN CROCUS / COLCHICUM

259
Q

colchicine use as antitubulin

A

first-line treatment for acute gout

260
Q

used for doubling of chromosomes (polyploidy) as positive control in antimitotic studies

A

colchicum / colchicine

261
Q

Scientific Name: Catha edulis
Constituents: Cathinone
Use: Indirect adrenergic (amphetamine-like effect)

A

KHAT / ABYSSINIAN TEA

262
Q

this constituent of Khat/Abyssinian Tea alleviates hunger and fatigue

A

Cathinone

263
Q

First psychotomimetic, hallucinogen, euphoric

A

Mescaline

264
Q

Scientific Name: Lophophora williamsii (cactus)
Constituents: Mescaline

A

PEYOTE/ MESCAL BUTTONS

265
Q

known as pseudoalkaloids (heterocyclic, not from amino acid)

A

PURINE BASES/ XANTHINES

266
Q

potent bronchodilatory and stimulant molecules (due to increased cAMP via PDE inhibition)

A

Methylxanthines

267
Q

Qualitative identification for Purine/Xanthines

A

Murexide test (+) pink

268
Q

central stimulant, diuretic, and content of
several carbonated beverages

A

Caffeine

269
Q

Alkaloid which does not react with, or form precipitate with alkaloidal reagents

A

Caffeine

270
Q

widely used a bronchodilator in asthma

A

Theophylline

271
Q

preferred over caffeine in cases of cardiac edema and angina

A

Theobromine

272
Q

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine

A

Caffeine

273
Q

1,3-dimethylxanthine

A

Theophylline

274
Q

3,7-dimethylxanthine

A

Theobromine

275
Q

Scientific Name: Dried cotyledons of Cola nitida
Constituents: Caffeine (central stimulant)
Use: For manufacture of non-alcoholic beverages

A

COLA / KOLA NUTS

276
Q

Caffeine source in Coca Cola

A

COLA / KOLA NUTS

277
Q

Scientific Name: Coffea arabica
Constituents: Caffeine

A

COFFEE BEAN

278
Q

Decaffeinized coffee has only up to ________-% caffeine

A

0.08% caffeine

279
Q

aroma of coffee bean is due to

A

caffeol

280
Q

Scientific Name: paste from crushed seeds of Paullinia cupana
Constituents: Caffeine
Use: Stimulant, astringent

A

GUARANA

281
Q

Guarana caffeine content is ______ as much as that found in coffee seeds

A

twice

282
Q

Guarana/caffeine may cause ________ when taken with empty stomach

A

ulceration. caffeine stimulate HCl release

283
Q

Scientific Name: leaves of Ilex paraguariensis
Constituents: Caffeine
Use: Laxative, purgative, diaphoretic, diuretic

A

MATE / PARAGUAY TEA

284
Q

Scientific Name: leaves of Camelia sinensis
Constituents: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

A

TEA / THEA

285
Q

relief of asthma; reversible spasm in emphysema and bronchitis

A

Theophylline

286
Q

theophylline effective and toxic dose

A

effective: 10mg
toxic: 20mg

287
Q

synthetic derivative of theophylline which is more preferred

A

aminophylline

288
Q

Scientific Name: seeds of Theobroma cacao
Constituents: Theobromine
Use: diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant;

A

COCOA / CACAO

289
Q

preferred over caffeine in treatment of cardiac edema and angina

A

Theobromine

290
Q

t/f Theobroma as suppository base

A

true

291
Q

AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS are represented by

A

galantamine

292
Q

AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS are from which AA

A

phenylalanine and tyramine

293
Q

Scientific Name: Galanthus woronowii
Constituents: Galantamine
Use: Cholinesterase inhibito

A

CAUCASIAN SNOWDROP

294
Q

Extensively used in 1950s as curare reversal agent

A

Galantamine

295
Q

TERPENOIDAL ALKALOID

A

Aconitine

296
Q

Scientific Name: Aconitum napellus
Family: Ranunculaceae
Constituents: Aconitine

A

MONKSHOOD

297
Q

induce cholinergic excess (nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, etc.

A

Aconitine

298
Q

Cardiotonic properties of monkshood is due to _____________, which is active about same level as Digitalis

A

Higenamine

299
Q

Formerly used as antineuralgic liniment

A

Aconitine

300
Q

This substance is chemically known as methylmorphine

A

Codeine

301
Q

Antidote for organophosphate poisoning

A

Atropine (physiologic),
Pralidoxime (2-PAM; chemical)

302
Q

A skeletal muscle relaxant without deep anesthesia

A

Tubocurarine

303
Q

A resin skeletal muscle relaxant

A

Kava-kava

304
Q

The following are isoquinoline alkaloid except
Ipecac
Sanguinaria
Opium
Catharanthus

A

Catharanthus (Indole)

305
Q

An alkaloidal amine which is used as antimitotic agent

A

Colchicine

PCOG (12 decks)

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