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PCOG > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

6 pages

1
Q

esters or long chain fatty acids and alcohols

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Basic unit of lipid

A

triglyceride

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3
Q

triglyceride composition

A

three fatty acids and one glycerol (specifically glycerol) is needed

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4
Q

Fixed Oils
FA:
Alcohol:
Other:

A

FA: Unsaturated
Alcohol: Glycerol
Other: Liquid at room temp

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5
Q

Fats
FA:
Alcohol:
Other:

A

FA: Saturated
Alcohol: Glycerol
Other: Solid at room temp

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6
Q

Waxes
FA:
Alcohol:
Other:

A

FA: High MW, straight-chain acids
Alcohol: High MW, straight-chain alcohol
Other: Usually solid

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7
Q

t/f Fixed oils are plant sources

A

true

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8
Q

t/f ALL fixed oils are liquid at room temperature

A

false. except for cocoa butter (Theobroma cacao) thats why its used as a suppository base

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9
Q

Fats are _______ sources

A

animal

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10
Q

t/f Fats are solid at room temperature except for the cod liver oil

A

true

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11
Q

_________ the only liquid plant wax

A

Jojoba oil

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12
Q

(lipid usp test) # of mg KOH needed to NEUTRALIZE the free acids in 1 g sample

A

ACID VALUE / ACID NUMBER

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13
Q

(lipid usp test) # of mg KOH needed to SAPONIFY the esters in 1 g sample

A

ESTER VALUE

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14
Q

(lipid usp test) # of mg KOH needed to NEUTRALIZE the free acids and SAPONIFY the esters in 1 g sample

A

SAPONIFICATION VALUE / KOETTSDORFER NUMBER

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15
Q

(lipid usp test) measures degree of unsaturation (how many double bonds are in the fat or oils sample)

A

IODINE NUMBER

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16
Q

(lipid usp test) test to find about its ability to absorb oxygen and form a dry film

A

IODINE NUMBER

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17
Q

(iodine number usp test)
Non-Drying Oil : ________
Semi-Drying Oil : _____________
Drying Oil : ____________

A

Non-Drying Oil : <100
Semi-Drying Oil : between 100 and 120
Drying Oil : > 120

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18
Q

(iodine number usp test)
Non : PACO
Semi : Se, Se
Drying : Soybean , Linseed

A

Non : Peanut, Almond, Coconut, Olive
Semi : cottonSEed, SEsame
Drying : Soybean , Linseed

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19
Q

most nutritious fixed oil, used in intralipid TPN

A

soybean

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20
Q

used in painting

A

linseed

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21
Q

formed when O2 saturates double bonds to form oxides that may polymerize

A

hard film (paint)

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22
Q

burned fat

A

acrolein

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23
Q

t/f In fats, if hydrogen is binded in the double bond, it does not rancidify. But when
oxygen binded, there will be peroxidation that will cause rancidification

A

true. presence of Oxygen = oxidation, thus rancidification

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24
Q

Active ingredients of medicinal plants are divided into 3 classes:

A

Terpenes, aromatic compounds, alkaloids

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25
Q

Acetyl COA + Malonyl

A

Fatty acids

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26
Q

Acetyl COA + Glycerol

A

fixed oils, fats

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27
Q

Acetyl COA + fatty acid + alcohol

A

fixed oil, fats, waxes

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28
Q

Acetyl COA to Kreb’s to

A

plant acids

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29
Q

t/f Acetyl COA can also go to the acetate-mevalonate pathway

A

true

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30
Q

precursor of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) and Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal)

A

Deoxy-D-xylulose

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31
Q

DMAPP + IPP

A

Geranyl Pyrophosphate (GPP, C10 monoterpene)

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32
Q

GPP + IPP

A

Farnesyl Pyrophosphate (FPP, C15 sesquiterpene)

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33
Q

FPP x2

A

sterols / triterpenes

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34
Q

lead to cholesterol, ergosterols, and all steroidal compounds (hormones, fat soluble vitamins, etc.)

A

sterols

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35
Q

only electron carrier in Electron Transport Chain which is non-protein because it is a terpenoid

A

Ubiquinone Q-9+Q-10

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36
Q

pathway to be inhibited for cholesterol lowering of patient

A

mevalonate pathway / cholesterol synthesis pathway

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37
Q

Glycerol + 3 unsaturated fatty acids that forms an ester bond

A

Triglyceride

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38
Q

site for oxidation and hydrogenation reactions in structure of FA

A

Double bond

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39
Q

t/f reaction with iodine is used to determine the number of saturated TAGs

A

false. it determines the # of DOUBLE BONDS

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40
Q

t/f EVEN numbered FA are common

A

true

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41
Q

Can be hydrogenated to form semisolid or solid fats

A

Fixed oils

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42
Q

Scientific Name: Seed of Ricinus communis; “tangan-tangan”

A

CASTOR OIL SEED / CASTOR BEAN

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43
Q

components of Castor Oil seed

A

Ricin (toxic lectin) & Azelaic acid

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44
Q

carbohydrate-binding protein

A

Lectin

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45
Q

second most toxic plant principle

A

Ricin

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46
Q

precursor for ricinoleic acid through the hydrolyzation of lipase

A

triricinolein

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47
Q

used as vaginal jelly to reduce the pH ~5 to 5.5

A

Ricinoleic acid

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48
Q

stimulant cathartic effect (may lead to dehydration)

A

Ricinoleic acid

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49
Q

pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid results to

A

undecylenic acid (antifungal)

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50
Q

used for procedures that require an empty stomach (e.g., abdominal ultrasound, lumbar x-ray)

A

Ricinoleic acid

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51
Q

treatment of acne

A

Azelaic acid

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52
Q

plasticizer in flexible collodion (3%)

A

Castor oil

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53
Q

t/f castor oil induces premature labor when given to pregnant women

A

true, esp. when the mother is prone to contractions

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54
Q

Scientific Name: Ripe fruit of Olea europea
Use: pharmaceutic aid, nutrient, emollient

A

OLIVE OIL / SWEET OIL / SALAD OIL

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55
Q

(type of olive oil) cold-pressed oil, extracted without aid of heat

A

Virgin oil

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56
Q

(type of olive oil) extracted using hot water

A

Technical oil

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57
Q

(type of olive oil) extracted with carbon disulfide; inferior quality

A

Sulfur olive oil

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58
Q

(type of olive oil) fermentation of fallen, decomposed olives

A

Tournant olive oil

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59
Q

(type of olive oil) cheapest and low grade olive oil

A

Tournant olive oil

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60
Q

Scientific Name: Ripe seed of Glycine soja (from Balatong/soya)
Use: Preservative, antioxidant

A

SOYBEAN OIL

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61
Q

t/f Soybean oil is an ingredient in parenteral nutrient (extralipid)

A

false. INTRALIPID

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62
Q

useful in controlling deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism

A

Lecithin

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63
Q

Phosphatidylcholine

A

Lecithin

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64
Q

t/f Soybean oil is a source of Ricin

A

false. it is a source of LECITHIN

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65
Q

Source of stigmasterol (steroid precursor)

A

SOYBEAN OIL

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66
Q

Scientific Name: Ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus
Family: Rosaceae
Constituent: amygdalin
Use: emollient, ingredient in cosmetics

A

ALMOND OIL

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67
Q

Scientific Name: Kernels of Prunus armeniaca
Family: Rosaceae

A

PERSIC OIL / APRICOT KERNEL OIL / PEACH KERNEL OIL

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68
Q

Scientific Name: Seed kernel of Cocos nucifera
Family: Arecaceae
Constituents: lauric and myristic acids

A

COCONUT OIL

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69
Q

all below are uses of coconut oil, except:
- antiviral property
- reduce cholesterol
- effective for UTI
- malaria

A

malaria

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70
Q

t/f coconut oil is a source of GOOD cholesterol

A

true; 1 tsp/day

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71
Q

coconut oil has the ________ IV and _______ SV among common fixed oils

A

LOWEST IV
HIGHEST SV

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72
Q

coconut oil is semisolid at _____ C

A

20 C

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73
Q

t/f Coconut oil is easily absorbed from the GIT, which makes it of dietary
value to patients with fat absorption problems

A

true.

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74
Q

Short (6-8) and medium (10-14) chain fatty acids are used when?

A

conventional fats are not digested

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75
Q

Fat absorption problem

A

Steatorrhea

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76
Q

Most expensive spice in the world

A

SAFFLOWER OIL / KASUBHA

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77
Q

Scientific Name: From seeds of Carthamus tinctorius
Constituents: PUFA
Use: Varnish or waterproofing material, antilipemic

A

SAFFLOWER OIL / KASUBHA

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78
Q

______ PUFA : ________ blood cholesterol levels

A

HIGH level pufa, DECREASE blood chole level

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79
Q

safflower 50% oil emulsion

A

high-calorie dietary supplement

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80
Q

Scientific Name: From the seeds of Helianthus anuus
Family: Asteraceae
Lipid constituents: Linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids (unsaturated fatty acids)

A

SUNFLOWER OIL

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81
Q

t/f Sunflower oil can be used as an alternative to corn and safflower oils for culinary purposes

A

true

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82
Q

can be used as hemostatic agent like witch hazel leaves

A

SUNFLOWER OIL

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83
Q

Iodine addition product of the fatty acids of Poppy seed oil

A

ETHIODIZED OIL

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84
Q

Use: radiopaque; diagnostic aid (hysterosalpingography and lymphography)

A

ETHIODIZED OIL

85
Q

Scientific Name: Roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao
Synonyms: Cacao butter, Aceite de Cacao o’de Teobromo

A

THEOBROMA OIL / COCOA BUTTER

86
Q

Constituents of Theobroma oil

A

theobromine, caffeine, oleopalmitostearin

87
Q

The only solid fixed oil

A

THEOBROMA OIL / COCOA BUTTER; thus used as a suppository base

88
Q

food of the gods

A

theobroma

89
Q

t/f Dark or bitter chocolate is obtained from Theobroma cacao with sugar treatment

A

false. NO SUGAR TREATMENT

90
Q

Scientific Name: Brassica napus and B. campestric, Brassicaceae
Constituents: Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids
Use: for cooking

A

RAPESEED / CANOLA

91
Q

Contains erucic acid

A

RAPESEED / CANOLA

92
Q

t/f Significant erucic acid intake can increase
cardiovascular risk

A

true

93
Q

Rapeseed / Canola limit in oil

A

NMT 2.0%

94
Q

Scientific Name: Serrenoa repens
Family: Arecaceae
Constituents: Lauric acid

A

SAW PALMETTO

95
Q

Use of Saw Palmetto

A

Treat BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

96
Q

t/f Saw palmetto inhibit 5-α reductase thus inhibit production of hormones (androgens, estrogens) to enlarge the size of the prostate gland

A

false. it SHRINKS the size of the prostate gland thus as treatment for BPH

97
Q

4 OFFICIAL FIXED OILS (PCoCoS)

A

Peanut, Cottonseed, Corn, Sesame

98
Q

t/f Fixed oils are solvent for IM injections which can also be given IV

A

false. they CANNOT be given IV, only IM

99
Q

Scientific Name: Seeds of Sesamum indicum
Family: Pedaliaceae

A

SESAME OIL / TEEL OIL / BENNE OIL

100
Q

sesame oil constituents

A

Sesamol, Sesamolin

101
Q

synergist for pyrethrum insecticides

A

sesamolin

102
Q

potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities

A

Sesame lignans

103
Q

t/x Corn is used to treat Cystitis

A

true

104
Q

Scientific Name: Oil from embryo of Zea mays
Constituents: Oleic and linoleic acid

A

CORN OIL

105
Q

Solvent for irradiated ergosterol

A

CORN OIL. also used in dietary supplement,
shortening in baking

106
Q

precursor for vitamin D

A

Ergosterol

107
Q

Scientific Name: Seed of Gossypium hirsutum
Use: solvent, substitute for lard

A

COTTONSEED OIL

108
Q

used in China as male contraceptive

A

gossypol (toxic principle)

109
Q

substitute for Lard

A

COTTONSEED OIL

110
Q

Scientific Name: Ripe fruit or seed of Arachis hypogaea
Family: Gramineae/Poaceae

A

PEANUT OIL / ARACHIS OIL

111
Q

t/f Peanut oil has low content of Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

A

false. it has HIGH CONTENT of Thiamine

112
Q

Another plant rich in Vitamin B1 which is a source of vitamins for Tiki-tiki for Beri-beri

A

Darak (rice bran)

113
Q

Animals; saturated fatty acids with glycerol

A

FATS

114
Q

purified, fatlike substance from wool of the sheep Ovis aries

A

LANOLIN / HYDROUS WOOLFAT

115
Q

Constituents: cholesterol, isocholesterol
Uses: water-absorbable ointment base

A

LANOLIN / HYDROUS WOOLFAT

116
Q

t/f Woolfat can cause allergy

A

True

117
Q

% of hydrous woolfat

A

25-30% water

118
Q

Scientific Name: From fresh livers of Godus morrhua (isdang baklaw

A

COD LIVER OIL

119
Q

woolfat with NMT 0.25% water

A

ANHYDROUS LANOLIN / WOOLFAT

120
Q

It is the only liquid fat

A

COD LIVER OIL

121
Q

Used as predominant therapeutic sources of vitamins A and D, antirachitic

A

COD LIVER OIL

122
Q

Cod liver oil is used in which brand as vitamins?

A

Scott’s emulsion

123
Q

From the internal fast of the abdomen of the sheep Ovis aries
Other Synonyms: Mutton suet, Prepared Mutton Tallow, Sebo de Carnero

A

PREPARED SUET / SEBO DE MACHO

124
Q

used in cooking, especially in traditional puddings, ointment base

A

PREPARED SUET / SEBO DE MACHO

125
Q

Obtained from the hydrolysis of fats or oils

A

FATTY ACIDS

126
Q

stearic acid which are tablet lubricants

A

Calcium and Magnesium stearate

127
Q

Uses: emulsion adjunct, tablet lubricant

A

Stearic acid

128
Q

stearic acid which is a dusting powder

A

Zinc stearate

129
Q

stearic acid which can be formed by dissolving NAOH + stearic acid and boiled

A

Sodium stearate

130
Q

Use: emulsion adjunct

A

OLEIC ACID

131
Q

Byproduct in the production of stearic acid

A

OLEIC ACID

132
Q

Vitamin F - essential fatty acid

A

LINOLEIC AND LINOLENIC ACID

133
Q

precursor of prostaglandin (coming from the diet)

A

linolenic acid

134
Q

direct precursor of prostaglandin

A

arachidonic acid

135
Q

Prepared from pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid (castor oil)

A

UNDECYLENIC ACID

136
Q

Sodium morrhyate are sodium salts of fatty acids from_______________

A

cod liver oil

137
Q

sat FA

A

OYI; CaLaMyPaStAr

138
Q

Use: antifungal, for athlete’s foot

A

UNDECYLENIC ACID

139
Q

Scientific Name: From the purified internal fat of Sus scrofa (pig)
Family Name: Bovidae
Constituents: cholesterol, isocholesterol

A

LARD

140
Q

Use: sclerosing agent to remove varicose veins, can reduce stretchmarks in pregnancy

A

SODIUM MORRHUATE

141
Q

t/f Lard is similar to butter

A

true; contain 40% solid glyceride and 60% mixed liquid glyceride

142
Q

unsat FA

A

POLLA;
lei - 18:2
leni - 18:3

143
Q

__________ and __________ have high melting points; High-risk and can induce heart
disease

A

Caproic and Caprylic

144
Q

FA which Contain at least one C=C, with low MP

A

UNSATURATED

145
Q

t/f Unsaturated FA can be classified as monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (more than 1)

A

true

146
Q

Unsaturated FA can be named with Delta notation or Omega number

A

true

147
Q

omega # with the ability to reduce cardiovascular risk from animal fats

A

Omega-3

148
Q

Found in outer cell walls of epidermal tissue, particularly in fruits and leaves

A

Waxes

149
Q

animal souces of wax

A

spermaceti, beeswax, nonlipid comp from bees

150
Q

head of sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus

A

SPERMACETI

151
Q

t/f Waxes are secreted by humans through cellular respiration

A

false. secreted by INSECTS!

152
Q

pathologic product in the stomach of sperm whale when feeding

A

Ambergris

153
Q

ambergis is used as

A

base note in perfumery

154
Q

t/f Spermaceti is substituted with Lanolin and Pure Jojoba Oil

A

false. it is substituted with the synthetic spermaceti/cetyl esters wax AND hydrogenated jojoba oil/ natural source

155
Q

Beeswax is used as stiffening agent and ingredient in _________ ointment & base
in cerates and plasters

A

yellow

156
Q

t/f Spermaceti is from sperm whale, thus it is easy to obtain

A

false. HARD to obtain

157
Q

NONLIPID COMPONENT FROM BEES

A

Propolis & Royal jelly

158
Q

bleaching is accomplished by allowing the melted wax to flow slowly over revolving wetted cylinders which forms _______ wax

A

white wax

159
Q

Scientific name: Apis mellifera
Family: Apidae
Significant lipid constituent/s: Myricyl palmitate, free cerotic acid
Use: Commercially, used for polishes

A

BEESWAX / YELLOW WAX

160
Q

t/f Jojoba oil must be hydrogenated first to be solidified and to be used as substitute

A

true, since hydrogenated oil can already easily solidify, and jojoba is the only liquid plant wax

161
Q

t/f royal jelly is used as antioxidant

A

true

162
Q

resinous material collected by bees from the buds of tree and used to fill cracks or gaps in the hive

A

Propolis

163
Q

WAX PLANT SOURCES

A

Carnauba & Jojoba Oil

164
Q

milky fluid produced by the salivary glands of worker bees and used as essential nourishment for the development of the queen bee larvae

A

Royal jelly

165
Q

Scientific name: From leaves of Copernicia prunifera
Constituent: Myricyl cerotate

A

CARNAUBA WAX

166
Q

beeswax substitute

A

Carnauba Wax

167
Q

Carnauba use

A

Use: Manufacture of candles, leather, and furniture polishes (Kiwi®), tablet-coating agent

168
Q

_______________ jojoba oil yields a crystalline wax similar to spermaceti

A

hydrogenated

168
Q

Scientific name: liquid wax from Simmondsia chinensis
Family: Buxaceae

A

JOJOBA OIL

169
Q

Iodine no. with less than 100?

A

Nondrying

170
Q

t/f Prostaglandins are synthetic products involved in platelet aggregation, pain, and inflammation

A

false. NATURAL products

170
Q

This wax serves as substitute for spermaceti?

A

Hydrogenated jojoba oil

171
Q

C20 lipid metabolites derived from essential, unsaturated FA (arachidonic acid)

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

171
Q

t/f Prostaglandins can also be derived from linoleic and linolenic acid

A

true

172
Q

The ff. are considered as official oils, except?
a. Benne oil
b. Corn oil
c. Castor oil
d. Teel oil

A

Castor oil (plasticizer)

173
Q

Major Classes of Prostaglandins

A

A, B, E and F

173
Q

PGE1 is used in palliative therapy for neonates w/ _____________________________

A

patent ductus arteriosus & congenital heart defect

174
Q

ALPROSTADIL

A

PROSTAGLANDIN E1 / PGE1

174
Q

DINOPROSTONE

A

PROSTAGLANDIN E2 / PGE2

175
Q

DINOPROST

A

PROSTAGLANDIN F2Α / PGF2Α

176
Q

helpful in vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation, stimulates intestinal & uterine smooth muscle

A

PROSTAGLANDIN E1 / PGE1 / ALPROSTADIL

177
Q

PGE2 & PGF2A Use

A

termination of second trimester pregnancy

178
Q

AE: vomiting, pyrexia, diarrhea, nausea, but NO hypertension and vasoconstriction

A

PROSTAGLANDIN E2 / PGE2 / DINOPROSTONE

179
Q

PGE2 is a uterine stimulant which is given as a ?

A

vaginal suppository

180
Q

PGF2A is also a uterine stimulant but it is _________________

A

inactivated in the lungs

181
Q

AE: extension of contractile effect -> (GI muscle) vomiting, diarrhea, (CardioV) ↑ BP

A

PROSTAGLANDIN F2Α / PGF2Α / DINOPROST

182
Q

t/f PGF2A is rarely used

A

true

183
Q

uterine stimulant given deep IM

A

15-METHYLPROSTAGLANDIN F2Α / 15-METHYL PGF2Α / CARBOPROST

184
Q

prostagandin with abortifacient property (Cytotec)

A

MISOPROSTOL

185
Q

Prostaglandin analog used for treatment of NSAID-induced ulcers

A

MISOPROSTOL

186
Q

C20 derivatives of arachidonic acid

A

Eicosanoids

187
Q

Linoleic acid + Phospholipase A2

A

Arachidonic acid

188
Q

Arachidonic acid + COX

A

prostanoids

189
Q

Arachidonic acid + LOX

A

HETEs, leukotriene, lipoxin

190
Q

targets of all NSAID drugs

A

COX and prostaglandin function

191
Q

COX inhibitors that also inhibits the production of prostanoids

A

NSAID

192
Q

Pathway for inflammation may not be completely inhibited because of the ______ pathway which also produce inflammation

A

LOX

193
Q

targets of some back-up asthma drugs

A

LOX and Leukotriene function

194
Q

Antiasthma drugs which have leukotriene inhibitors

A

Zileuton, Montelukast and Zafirlukast

195
Q

400x more potent as inflammatory agent and bronchoconstrictor than prostaglandin, linking to asthma.

A

Leukotriene

196
Q

t/f NSAID are indicated for asthmatic patients to reduce swelling

A

false. NSAID is contraindicated to asthmatic patients because if you inhibit COX, the pathway will produce more LOX, inducing bronchoconstriction

197
Q

Arachidonic acid + CYP450

A

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs)

198
Q

decreases inflammatory response, anti-inflammatory

A

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs)

199
Q

Natural mechanism of Arachidonic acid

A

form anti-inflammatory agent in the body

200
Q

t/f Not all arachidonic acid will be utilized to form inflammatory agents (COX and LOX).

A

true!

201
Q

t/f Montelukast is not effective in chronic asthmatic patients

A

true

202
Q

___________ (LOX inhibitors, corticosteroids) help prevent attack of asthma

A

Controllers

203
Q

Relievers (salutamol, formeterol) act as ?

A

bronchodilator

PCOG (12 decks)

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