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PCOG > Intro to PCOG > Flashcards

Intro to PCOG Flashcards

1
Q

study of drugs of biologic origin

A

pharmacognosy

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2
Q

highly specialized science that deals with the biologic, biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents

A

pharmacognosy

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3
Q

physiologic or pharmacological activity; botanical sources, history, distribution, collection, etc

A

biologic

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4
Q

active constituent/s; biogenesis, synthesis, how the drugs are formed in the plant, pathway

A

biochemical

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5
Q

collection, propagation; how the drugs are produced

A

economic

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6
Q

manipulation of genes, proteins, and enzymes using biotechnology to influence the synthesis of active ingredient/constituent to lessen the toxicity and increase the percentage yield.

A

molecular pharmacognosy

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7
Q

t/f: molecular pcog is only applicable for crude drugs from PLANTS since they are
the only ones with genes

A

false. applicable to PLANTS AND ANIMALS

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8
Q

increase the sustainability of the origin/natural source to avoid depletion; involve proper collection and cultivation

A

ecopharmacognosy

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9
Q

t/f: green chemistry is applied to ecopharmacognosy, which uses LARGE VOLUME of solvents

A

false. USING LESS SOLVENTS to reduce and minimize harmful chemicals in our environment

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10
Q

study of the metabolites and its amount, formation, and presence in various stages of plant development

A

plant metabolomics

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11
Q

t/f: plant metabolomics determine the proper age and best time when to collect the plant part with the highest active metabolite

A

true

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12
Q

egyptian paper discovered in 1550 BC in the tomb of a mummy by GEORGE EBERS

A

papyrus ebers

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13
Q

scrolls of papers with 600 -700 citations of drugs from plants or animals

A

papyrus ebers

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14
Q

father of pharmacology

A

pedanios dioscorides

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15
Q

t/f: 600 plants known to have medicinal properties is contained in GALEN’S CERATE

A

false. it is contained in DE MATERIA MEDICA by Dioscorides

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16
Q

described method of preparing formula containing plant and animal drugs

A

claudius galen

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17
Q

father of extemporaneous compounding

A

claudius galen

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18
Q

standard medical preparation by galen

A

“galenicals”

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19
Q

iodine tincture, simple solution, liniments, elixir, simple syrup

A

“galenicals”

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20
Q

cold cream by galen

A

galen’s cerate

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21
Q

COINED the term “pharmacognosy”

A

CA Seydler

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22
Q

t/f: pharmakon mean “knowledge” and gnosis means “drug”

A

false. pharmakon means “drugs” and gnosis means “knowledge”

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23
Q

presented the most comprehensive idea of the scope of pharmacognosy

A

fluckiger

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24
Q

_____________________ is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view

A

pharmacognosy by FLUCKIGER

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25
Q

first used the term “pharmacognosy”

A

johann adam schmidt

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26
Q

book by schmidt that describes the
study of plants and properties

A

lehrbuch der materia medica

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27
Q

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

A

paracelsus

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28
Q

isolated quintessence

A

paracelsus

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29
Q

botanical to chemical science

A

paracelsus

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30
Q

natural substances which have only undergone the process of collection and drying

A

crude drugs

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31
Q

collection, drying, and placing of solvent or menstruum

A

crude extract

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32
Q

t/f: crude drugs have extractives but no derivatives

A

false. crude drugs have extractives/derivatives w/c is the chief constituent of the drug

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33
Q

SOLVENT or liquid mixture which dissolves the chief constituents

A

Menstruum

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34
Q

Undissolved portion of the drug that remains after extraction; RESIDUE

A

Marc

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35
Q

Extract; product of extraction process

A

Extractive

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36
Q

Plants growing in their native regions without human intervention

A

Indigenous plants

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37
Q

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii, Menispermaceae) is only found in __________ countries with similar climate, humidity, temperature

A

Asian

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38
Q

Grow in a foreign land other than their native homes

A

Naturalized

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39
Q

Native, restricted to a certain place

A

Endemic

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40
Q

Found in a specified region and not seen in others, e.g., pili nuts (Bicol), waling-waling (Davao), tamaraw (Mindoro)

A

Endemic

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41
Q

[prep crude drug]
- Gathering of sample from the WILD

A

collection

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42
Q

[prep crude drug]
- Gathering of CULTIVATED sample for experiment

A

harvesting

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43
Q

t/f: harvesting may be by hand or by mechanical means (digitalis)

A

true

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44
Q

t/f: harvested crude drug is better than collected ones because it has one source and controlled environment (soil, pH, pesticide level, heavy metal content)

A

true

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45
Q

[prep crude drug] Removal of moisture to protect from microbial damage (inactivate enzymes); fixes the constituents, facilitate comminution, reduce bulk

A

Drying

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46
Q

t/f: drying crude drug can be by oven drying or air drying

A

true

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47
Q

special method of drying; enhance active
principles (wine); inactivate toxic principles

A

Curing

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48
Q

Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) bark curing with ______________________ for a year

A

magnesium oxide (MgO)

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49
Q

[prep crude drug] FINAL STEP IN PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUG

A

Garbling

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50
Q

[prep crude drug] Physical or mechanical removal of extraneous matter (soil, dirt, plant parts)

A

Garbling

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51
Q

collect only the needed/target parts during
collection/harvesting (first step)

A

direct garbling

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52
Q

stem, leaf, bark; for shrubs, trees, perennial plants

A

direct garbling

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53
Q

for herbs, annual plants

A

indirect garbling

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54
Q

final step in preparing crude drugs; removal of extraneous matter is done after drying

A

indirect garbling

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55
Q

[prep crude drug]Optional step; for protection from environmental conditions; & for marketability

A

Packaging, Storing, and Preservation

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56
Q

[Packaging, Storing, and Preservation]
Simplest method

A

exposure to 65°C

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57
Q

[Packaging, Storing, and Preservation]
Fumigation with __________

A

methyl bromide

58
Q

powdered stem, leaves, other dry forms

A

crude drug

59
Q

self-preserving, liquid

A

extract

60
Q

no solvent, not self-preserving, add CCl4/chloroform, refrigerate

A

crude extract

61
Q

[type of crude extract] plastic consistency

A

pilular

62
Q

[type of crude extract] semiliquid, around 20 mL of solvent is retained

A

syrupy

63
Q

[type of crude extract] usually carbohydrate-rich, e.g., ube, cassava, arrowroot, potato

A

powdered

64
Q

Submerge the solute in the menstruum (suitable solvent) for 48-72 hours

A

maceration

65
Q

maceration undergoes ____________ evaporation

A

spontaneous

66
Q

Apply gentle heat less than 50°C

A

Digestion

67
Q

Digestion uses _________________ so that heating for volatile or flammable solvents like petroleum ether, hexane) will be controlled

A

gentle heat

68
Q

Hot or cold water is passed through the solute like tea

A

Infusion

69
Q

t/f: infusion has no direct heating (flame/hot plate), not boiled

A

false

70
Q

Boiling in water for 15 minutes

A

Decoction

71
Q

t/f: decoction is for aqueous extracts which are not self-preserving

A

true

72
Q

_______________ (freeze drying) to serve sample

A

lyophilize

73
Q

uses a column (percolator) or conical equipment to allow slow and intimate extraction using filtration and the force of gravity

A

percolation

74
Q

uses the downward movement of menstruum/solvent through the solute; gradual saturation of powder with solvent

A

percolation

75
Q

t/f: percolation is the preferred means of extraction

A

true

76
Q

Used in Simple Syrup, USP

A

percolation

77
Q

Identify the drug and determine its quality (intrinsic value of drug) and purity

A

evaluation of drugs

78
Q

macroscopic evaluation by means of the senses/organs

A

organoleptic

79
Q

identification of pure, powdered drug

A

microscopic

80
Q

use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity of drug

A

biologic

81
Q

starch microscopic shapes

A

Arrowroot - Concentric circles, flying bird
Cassava - Dumbbell shape
Corn - Broken glass, star-like shape
Potato - Concentric circles, ovoid or pearshaped
Rice - Cell clumping, grape-like
Wheat - Single, large cells

82
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested]
Cats

A

Glucagon, Atropine

83
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested]
Oxytocin

A

Chicken

84
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested]
Dogs

A

Glucagon, Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

85
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested] Heparin, Protamine sulfate

A

Sheep

86
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested] Pigeon

A

Digitalis, Digoxin

87
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested] Insulin, Tubocurarine

A

Rabbits

88
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested] Rats

A

Corticotropin

89
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested] Gonadotropin

A

Rats female

90
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested] Vasopressin

A

Rats male

91
Q

[biologic, animal:drug tested] COD liver oil

A

Rats rachitic (GMO, rickets)

92
Q

mechanism of glucagon/atropine in cats:
glucagon > inc. CAMP > inc. Epinephrine (sympathetic) > _____________

A

mydriasis

93
Q

contraction of radial muscle of the eye

A

mydriasis (pupil dilates)

94
Q

contraction of the ciliary body

A

miosis (pupil constricts)

95
Q

best method of determining the official potency

A

chemical (assay)

96
Q

t/f: chemical evaluation of drugs include titrimetric and other qualitative (color reactions) or quantitative (LCMS) analyses

A

true

97
Q

test for tannins, white ppt

A

gelatin test

98
Q

tlc is also a qualitative test. ________ chromatography for volatile active ingredients like volatile oils

A

gas

99
Q
  • involves the assay of active constituents using chemicals <titration> and</titration>
  • biosynthetic pathways involved in drug formation
A

chemical

100
Q

application of physical constants to active principles of drugs

A

physical

101
Q

t/f: when plants undergo physical evaluation, there is a specified range/number that must be met to confirm the identity of the substance

A

true, otherwise if it does not meet the specified range, its adulterated

102
Q

drugs are grouped according to the PART USED

A

morphology

103
Q

Considers PHYLOGENY (the natural relationship existing among plants & animals)

A

taxonomic / zoologic / botanic

104
Q

natural relationship existing among plants & animals used in taxonomic classification

A

phylogeny

105
Q

drugs grouped based on ACTIVITY & how they are employed MEDICINALLY

A

pharmacologic / therapeutic

106
Q

give the therapeutic classification

__________ : Senna, Tamarind, Papaya
___________ : Garlic, Rauwolfia

A

Laxative
Hypertension

107
Q

based on the ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS that are present
(ex. digitalis - digitoxin, papaya - papain, atropine - alkaloids)

A

chemical classification

108
Q

preferred method for study in pcog (class of drug)

A

chemical

109
Q

Mixture of substance

A

constituents

110
Q

Isolated constituents that is either pharmacologically active or pharmaceutically active

A

active constituents

111
Q

t/f: active constituents are primary metabolites

A

false. they are SECONDARY METABOLITES

112
Q

metabolite for growth, structure,
function, and reproduction

A

primary metabolite

113
Q

chemical entities in crude drugs responsible for therapeutic properties

A

secondary metabolite

114
Q

process of producing secondary metabolite used as during is also known as

A

drug biosynthesis / biogenesis

115
Q

biogenesis is influenced by 3 factors,

A
  1. ontogeny / stage of development
  2. environment
  3. heredity
116
Q

[biogenesis] Genes, heredity (genus, species, variety)

A

Heredity

117
Q

[biogenesis] Soil conditions, pH, climate, altitude, etc.

A

Environment

118
Q

[biogenesis] Concentration of drug increases with the age of the plant (Metabolomics)

A

Ontogeny

119
Q

[biogenesis] Plant growth and development, the nature and quantity of metabolites are affected by temperature, rainfall, length of day, altitude, soil conditions

A

Ontogeny

120
Q

t/f: in ontogeny, the identity of the constituent also vary according to the stage of development

A

true

121
Q

(ontogeny of cannabis) isolated when the plant is still YOUNG; rope; doesn’t cause euphoria

A

cannabiDIOL / CBD

122
Q

(ontogeny of cannabis) isolated when the plant MATUREs; cause dependency, hallucination, euphoria

A

cannabiNOL / THC

123
Q

Debasement of an article

A

Adulteration

124
Q

Any substandard drug or article regardless of cause

A

Inferiority

125
Q

Substandard drug, in which quality has been impaired by action of BACTERIA or FUNGI, rendering it UNFIT for human CONSUMPTION

A

Spoilage

126
Q

Destruction of active constituents due to AGING or BACTERIA

A

Deterioration

127
Q

t/f: deteriorated articles may or may not be consumed (e.g., less amount of active
ingredient after days of storage)

A

true.

128
Q

UNINTENTIONAL addition of article to another

A

Admixture

129
Q

Intentional; true adulteration where only a PART is replaced

A

Sophistication

130
Q

Intentional; worst kind of adulteration where there is TOTAL replacement of what is required

A

Substitution

131
Q

Sophistication: 70% API + 30% Adulterant
Substituition: __% API + __% Adulterant

A

0% API + 100% Adulterant (Total Replacement)

132
Q

10 PH Medicinal Plants by DOH

A

BABYPLANTS

133
Q

Antihypertensive

A

Bawang (Allium sativum)

134
Q

Anti-diabetes mellitus supplement

A

Ampalaya (Momordic charantia)

135
Q

Astringent

A

Bayabas (Psidium guajava)

136
Q

Analgesic, antipyretic

A

Yerba Buena (Mentha cordifolia)

137
Q

Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida)

A

Anti-gout

138
Q

Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

A

Cough preparation

139
Q

Akapulko (Cassia alata)

A

Antifungal

140
Q

Anthelminthic

A

Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica)

141
Q

Tsaang-gubat (Carmona retusa)

A

Stomachic

142
Q

Sambong (Blumera balsamifera)

A

Diuretic, antiurolithiasis

PCOG (12 decks)

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