Voice and Resonance

Question 1

Dysphonia

Answer 1

Voice disorder characterized by auditory perceptual symptoms

Question 2

Organic Voice Disorders

Answer 2

Can be structural or neurogenic

Question 3

Structural Voice Disorder (Organic)

Answer 3

Physical changes of the vocal mechanism

Cysts, growths, trauma to larynx, contact ulcers, nodules, edema, lesions, laryngitis, hemorrhage, glottal stenosis, sarcopenia

Question 4

Neurogenic Voice Disorder (Organic)

Answer 4

Innervation to structures is impaired/damage

Spasmodic dysphonia, Parkinson’s disease, Myasthenia gravis, ALS, essential/vocal tremor, paralysis/paresis of vocal folds

Question 5

Functional Voice Disorders

Answer 5

Can be misuse or psychogenic

Question 6

Misuse Voice Disorder (Functional)

Answer 6

Normal structure, improper use/misuse

Muscle tension dysphonia, vocal fatigue, diplophonia, hypofunctional (incomplete VF closure), hyperfunctional (overuse)

Question 7

Psychogenic

Answer 7

Normal structure, psychological cause

Conversion dysphonia, conversion aphonia, puberphonia (i.e., mutational falsetto), depression, anxiety, stress disorders

Question 8

Voice Disorder Assessment

Answer 8

Case history, auditory evaluation, perceptual evaluation, oral motor exam, respiration, articulation, resonance, instrumental imaging

Question 9

Informal Assessments

Answer 9

1. Characteristics of voice (acoustic/perceptual)
2. Resonance
3. Respiration
4. Intelligibility

Question 10

Hypernasal Resonance

Answer 10

Excess air through nasal cavity, during production of all sounds besides nasals /m, n, ng/

Question 11

Hyponasal Resonance

Answer 11

Note enough air through nasal cavity during production of nasal consonants; blocked air

Question 12

Cul-de-sac Resonance

Answer 12

Sound is trapped in oral, nasal, or pharyngeal cavity; muffled/low voice

Question 13

Mixed Resonance

Answer 13

Co-occurrence of hypernasality, hyponasality, and/or cul-de-sac resonance

Question 14

VP Dysfunction

Answer 14

VP valve does not close completely during the production of oral sounds

Question 15

VP Insufficiency

Answer 15

VP dysfunction due to anatomical/structural defect

Question 16

VP Incompetence

Answer 16

Poor movement of structures

Question 17

VP mislearning

Answer 17

Poor closure due to mislearning

Question 18

Pitch

Answer 18

Acoustic Evaluation: pitch determination (fundamental frequency)

Perceptual Evaluation: pitch characteristics; perceived high/low tone, pitch level, pitch variations, pitch breaks, tremor

Question 19

Loudness

Answer 19

Acoustic Evaluation: Measures intensity level; sound level meter or computer program (PRAAT)

Perceptual Characteristics: loudness characteristics; loudness level and variation in loudness

Question 20

Quality

Answer 20

Acoustic Evaluation: jitter (frequency perturbation), shimmer (amplitude perturbation), s/z ration

Perceptual Evaluation: percieved pleasantness; breathy (air escaping between vocal folds), harsh (hard, glottal attacks, low pitch, hypo/hyper loduness), hoarse (combo of breathy and harsh qualities), rough; strained and strangled gurgly and wet, phonation breaks, glottal fry etc.