Foundations Flashcards
What are the three extralinguistic aspects of communication?
Metalinguistic
Paralinguistic
Nonlinguistic
Metalinguinstic
study of language and relationship with other behaviors
Paralinguistic
communication aspects that are not words (i.e., gestures)
Nonlinguistic
sounds not relating to language (e.g., laughing)
What are the four speech production components of communication?
Respiration, resonation, phonation, articulation
Respiration
Power house for speech; breathing, power + energy
Phonation
Creation of voice sound through vocal fold vibration
Resonation
Modification of phonation via cavities and structures (e.g., pharynx, nasopharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity)
Articulation
Manipulation into distinct sounds and words via the articulators (e.g, tongue, lips, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, alveolar ridge etc.)
Inhalation
Diaphragm contracts and air rushes into lungs; abdomen expands and the chest expands
Exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes forces air back out of the lungs
Pitch
Frequency of vibration – number of cycles per second measured in hertz (Hz)
Loudness
Intensity of sounds – measured in dB
Three ways to evaluate speech mechanism?
Acoustically, physiologically, and perceptually
Acoustically
Fundamental frequency (Hz), Intensity (dB), time
Physiologically
Endoscopy, fluorography, oral-facial sensory motor
Perceptually
Articulation testing, listening to speech sounds, spontaneous or prompted
Acoustics
branch of physics that studies properties of sounds
Inertia
Resistance when force is exerted upon an object
Elasticity
Tendency for an object to return to its original state
Cycle
Each individual vibration
Period: time of 1 full cycle
Frequency: # of cycles in 1 sec
Amplitude (A)
Maximum displacement of particles in a medium– perceptually related to intensity/loudness
Frequency (F)
Rate at which object vibrates; number of cycles in 1 sec (HZ)– perceptually related to pitch
Period (T)
Amount of time it takes to complete one cycle
Pure Tones
Has only 1 frequency
Sine Waves
Periodic–cycles will repeat themselves identically
Complex Periodic Waves
Complex; more than 1 frequency present periodic–complex pattern repeats over time
Complex Aperiodic Waves
Complex; more than 1 frequency present aperiodic– no cyclical pattern or behavior
Fundament Frequency
Lowest pure tone component of sound
Partials/Overtones
all other frequencies in a sound – excluding fundamental
Harmonics
whole # multiples of fundamental frequency
