Professional Practice Flashcards
Between-Subject Designs
Performances os separate groups of subjects are measured and comparisons are then made between the two groups
Within-Subject Designs
Performances of same group is compared in different conditions and/or in different situations; sequencing effect may occur
Subject Randomization (Between subject design)
Each subject has equal probability of being assigned to either the experimental or control group
Subject Randomization (Within-subject design)
Presentation of the experimental treatment conditions to the subject (s) in random order
Subject Matching
Experimenter purposely attempts to match members of two groups based on all extraneous variables relevant to the experiment
Counterbalancing
Technique that enables researcher to be able to control and measure sequencing effects by testing different participants in different orders
Sequencing Effect
May occur when subjects participate in several conditions (e.g., subjects participation in an earlier condition affect their performance in subsequent)
A-B-A Design
A: establish a baseline condition (“A”)
B: introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (“B”)
A: remove treatment to see if return to baseline (second “A”)
A-B-A-B Design
A: establish a baseline condition (“A”)
B: introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (“B”)
A: remove the treatment (second “A”)
B: re-introduce the treatment (second “B”)
Sampling Method
A technique of selecting individuals or a group of individuals from a population to use in research studies (probability and non-probability samples)
Probability Samples
- Simple Random Sampling
- Systematic Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
- Multistage Sampling
Non-Probability Samples
- Purposive Sampling
2. Convenience Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Every member of population chosen randomly and has an equal chance
Systematic Sampling
Sample members are choses at regular intervals every nth member
Stratified Random Samplin
Population divided into subgroups before random selection
Cluster Sampling
Population divided into clusters based on demographics
Multistage Sampling
Draw a sample from population using smaller and smaller groups at each stage
Purposive Sampling
Specific individuals are chosen to participate
Convenience Samplin
Depends on ease of access and proximity
Key steps of Evidence Based Practice
- Internal clinical evidence
- External research evidence
- Patient preferences
Level I Evidence
Systematic review/meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs
3+ good quality randomized control trials with similar results
Level II Evidence
1+ well designed randomized control trial(s)
Level III Evidence
Well designed non-randomized quasi-experimental studies
Level IV Evidence
Well designed case-control or cohort studies
Level V Evidence
Systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
Level VI Evidence
Single descriptive or qualitative study
Level VII Evidence
Expert opinion and/or reports of expert committees
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)
Developed by WHO; classification framework to guide clinical practice– helps target person-centered functional goals to maximize outcomes and experiences
Components of ICF
Health Condition: disorder or disease
Body Functions & Structures: anatomy and physiology
Activities & Participation: activity limitations and participation restrictions
Environmental Factors: within individuals life, influence experiences
ALL INFLUENCE EACH OTHER
Epidemiology
Study of factors that determine the prevalence and incidence of diseases
Prevalence
How widespread a disorder is in the current population
- # of individuals with a particular disease/disorder at a given time
Incidence
Rate of individuals who developed a disease/disorder
-occurrence of new cases, typically reported within a given time
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
Provides standard, international guidelines for coding and recording diseases and health problems
Etiology
Study of the cause and/or origin of diseases
Norm Referenced
Always standardized; compares individual performance to group standard; compares person that are same age, grade, etc; assess individual performance to the norm
Criterion Referenced
May or may not be standardized; determines individual mastery of particular skill(s); identify what a client can or cannot doe; no group performance comparison
Standardized Testing
Standard set procedures for admin/scoring (usually norm-referenced)
Standard “z” Score
How many standard deviations the raw score is from the mean
Percentile Rank
Percent of people scoring at or below a certain score
Null hypothesis
No statistical difference/relationship between groups among variables
Raw Scores
Actual scores earned
Standar deviation
Extent to which scores deviate from the mean or average score
Validity
Degree assessment measures what it says it measures
Face
Test looks like it assesses what it says it does
Content
Actual content assesses what it says it does
Construct
Measures a predetermine theoretical construct
Criterion
Established by external criteria
Concurrent
Degree to which new test correlates with an established test of known validity
Predictive
Accuracy in which a test predicts future performance on related task
Reliability
Consistency and stability in varying contexts
Test-Retest
Stability across multiple administrations with same group
Split-Half
internal consistency of a test
Rater-Reliability
Intra-rater (same person), inter-rater (different person)
Alternate Form
Multiple forms of test provide the same results
