Professional Practice Flashcards
Between-Subject Designs
Performances os separate groups of subjects are measured and comparisons are then made between the two groups
Within-Subject Designs
Performances of same group is compared in different conditions and/or in different situations; sequencing effect may occur
Subject Randomization (Between subject design)
Each subject has equal probability of being assigned to either the experimental or control group
Subject Randomization (Within-subject design)
Presentation of the experimental treatment conditions to the subject (s) in random order
Subject Matching
Experimenter purposely attempts to match members of two groups based on all extraneous variables relevant to the experiment
Counterbalancing
Technique that enables researcher to be able to control and measure sequencing effects by testing different participants in different orders
Sequencing Effect
May occur when subjects participate in several conditions (e.g., subjects participation in an earlier condition affect their performance in subsequent)
A-B-A Design
A: establish a baseline condition (“A”)
B: introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (“B”)
A: remove treatment to see if return to baseline (second “A”)
A-B-A-B Design
A: establish a baseline condition (“A”)
B: introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (“B”)
A: remove the treatment (second “A”)
B: re-introduce the treatment (second “B”)
Sampling Method
A technique of selecting individuals or a group of individuals from a population to use in research studies (probability and non-probability samples)
Probability Samples
- Simple Random Sampling
- Systematic Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
- Multistage Sampling
Non-Probability Samples
- Purposive Sampling
2. Convenience Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Every member of population chosen randomly and has an equal chance
Systematic Sampling
Sample members are choses at regular intervals every nth member
Stratified Random Samplin
Population divided into subgroups before random selection
Cluster Sampling
Population divided into clusters based on demographics
Multistage Sampling
Draw a sample from population using smaller and smaller groups at each stage
Purposive Sampling
Specific individuals are chosen to participate
Convenience Samplin
Depends on ease of access and proximity
Key steps of Evidence Based Practice
- Internal clinical evidence
- External research evidence
- Patient preferences
Level I Evidence
Systematic review/meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs
3+ good quality randomized control trials with similar results
Level II Evidence
1+ well designed randomized control trial(s)
Level III Evidence
Well designed non-randomized quasi-experimental studies
Level IV Evidence
Well designed case-control or cohort studies
