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Comprehensive Exams > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Nerves

A

axons bound together by connective tissue

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Individual cells in the brain (CNS); parts of neuron include dendrites, axon, and cell body–transmits nerve impulses

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3
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of fibers found in PNS that transmits impulses – spinal nerves contain fibers of sensory an motor neurons

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4
Q

Tracts

A

Groups of fibers inside the CNS (brain and spinal cord)– carry information up and down the spinal cord– to and from the brain

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5
Q

Efferent

A

Motor Nerve– brain sends signal down to the nerve to innervate a muscle (exits)

Efferent Exits

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6
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory Nerve– signal comes up from sensory organ via nerve to brain (arrives)

Afferent Arrives

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7
Q

Pyramidal Tracts

A

Tracts originate in cerebral cortex– carries fibers to spinal cord/brainstem

Responsible for voluntary control of body and face muscles

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8
Q

Extrapyramidal Tracts

A

Tracts originate in brainstem–carries fibers to the spinal cord

Responsible for involuntary and automatic control (tone, balance, posture etc)

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9
Q

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)

A

Found in cerebral cortex/brainstem– transmits nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons

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10
Q

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)

A

Found in brainstem/spinal cord–transmits nerve impulses from upper motor neurons to muscles

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11
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Synapse/terminates in spinal cord– controls movements in limbs and trunk

corticoSPINAL–spinal cord

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12
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

A

Synapse/terminates in brainstem– controls muscles of face, head, neck

corticoBULBAR– brainstem

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13
Q

Unilateral

A

One side

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14
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

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15
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

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16
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body

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17
Q

Proximal

A

Near given position

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18
Q

Distal

A

Away given position

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19
Q

Anterior

A

In front of

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20
Q

Posterior

A

Behind

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21
Q

Superior

A

Above

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22
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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23
Q

Rostral

A

Front; towards the nose

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24
Q

Caudal

A

Back; towards the tail

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25
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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27
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System Division

A

Rest and digest– controls body functions at rest

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28
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Division

A

Fight or flight– increases heart rate, blood pressure etc

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29
Q

Autonomic (Inovluntary)

A

Regulates cardiac and smooth muscles, glands – can be broken up into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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30
Q

Somatic (Voluntary)

A

Skeletal muscles

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31
Q

Three major division of the brain

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
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32
Q

Forebrain

A

Function: processes sensory information, reasoning/problem solving, automatic motor functions

Largest brain division with 2 subdivisions: Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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33
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex (divided into 4 major lobes)

  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
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34
Q

Diencephalon

A

Connects endocrine system with nervous system.

Composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

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35
Q

Midbrain

A

Function: regulates movement, processes auditory and visual info
Connects forebrain to hindbrain; 2 main parts: Tectum and paired cerebral peduncles

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36
Q

Hindbrain

A

Functions: regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, relay of sensory information

Composed of 2 subdivisions: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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37
Q

Mentencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum

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38
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medula oblongata

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39
Q

Cerebrum

A

Location: front area of skull, composed of two hemispheres (left/right)
Function: “thinking portion: of brain; most complex cognitive functions

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40
Q

Brainstem

A

Location: base of brain-cerebrum juncture +spinal cord; midbrain, pons, & medulla

Function: automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate, etc)

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41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Location: back of brainstem under occipital lobe

Function: voluntary movements, balance, coordination, posture, attention

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42
Q

Medulla

A

Location: lower portion of brainstem; below pons

Function: regulates respiration, heart rate, & reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing

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43
Q

Pons

A

Location: middle portion of brainstem

Function: attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS

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44
Q

Midbrain

A

Location: upper most part of brainstem

Function: houses substantia nigra (produces neurotransmitter -dopamine)

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45
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Location: deep within cerebral hemispheres (either side of thalamus); telencephalon

Function: fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture

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46
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Location: housed within bony vertebral columns; PNS begins here

Functions: allows afferent impulses to transmit to brain and efferent impulses to transmit from the brain to the body

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47
Q

Thalamus

A

Location: top of brainstem; core of diencephalon

Function: relay center for sensory and motor signals – also regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Location: below thalamus; posterior to optic chiasm

Function: homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

Location: within inferior and medial section of temporal lobe

Function: responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation

50
Q

Amygdala

A

Location: Nuclei located within temporal lobes

Function: responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation

51
Q

Heschl’s Gyrus

A

Location: Brodmann area 41
Function: auditory processing; sensory hearing area

52
Q

Angular Gyrus

A

Location Brodmann area 39

Function: involved in semantic processing, language, and cognition– complex language related functions

53
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Brodmann area 44; motor speech area; speech production

54
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Brodmann area 22; language comprehension area; processing

55
Q

Primary Visual Area

A

Brodmann area 17; visual processing area

56
Q

Primary Sensory Area

A

Brodmann area 1,2,3; somatic sensations processing area

57
Q

Primary Motor Area

A

Brodmann area 4; planning and execution of movements

58
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Language production, cognitive functions, and voluntary movement

Primary motor area + controls executive function (memory, attention, motivation); Broca’s Area– motor speech

59
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Language comprehension and memory

Auditory processing + Wernicke’s area

60
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensation, taste, smell, touch, and hearing

Sensory motor area: spatial reasoning, math, reading, hearing, smell, taste, touch

61
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision and visual processing

Receives visual cues from opposite visual field; color identification

62
Q

Brain Stem

A

Breathing, temperature, and heart rate

63
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination and balance

64
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Language dominant hemisphere

Damage=aphasia

65
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Supporting language hemisphere

Damage= higher-order language and perceptual damage

66
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Located at the inferior portion of the brain; providing oxygenated blood to 80% of the cerebrum

67
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Extends upward and forward from internal carotid artery
Blood Supply: frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum
Stroke in ACA: opposite leg weakness

68
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

Largest branch of internal carotid artery
Blood Supply: Broca & Wernicke, temporal lobe, & primary motor cortex

MCA is the artery that is most often occluded in a stroke

69
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A

Stems from basilar artery
Blood Supply: occipital lobes, cerebellum, & inferior temporal

CVA PCA: usually secondary to embolism from lower segments of vertebral heart

70
Q

Three types of fibers in CNS

A
  1. Association Fibers
  2. Commissural Fibers
  3. Projection Fibers
71
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

Inter hemispheric (connects right and left hemispheres); interconnect identical and corresponding areas of 2 cerebral hemispheres

72
Q

Association Fibers

A

Intra hemispheric (within the same hemisphere); connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemisphere

73
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Fibers that leave cerebral white matter connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and lower

74
Q

6 Cranial Nerves Important for Speech

A
  1. Trigeminal (CN V)
  2. Facial (CN VII)
  3. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  4. Vagus (CN X)
  5. Accessory (CN XI)
  6. Hypoglossal (CN XII)
75
Q

CN I: Olfactory

A

Type: sensory
Function: smell
Origin: cerebral hemispheres

76
Q

CN II: Optic

A

Type: sensory
Function: vision
Origin: thalamus

77
Q

CN III: Oculomotor

A

Type: motor
Function: pupil & eye movement
Origin: Midbrain

78
Q

CN IV: Trochlear

A

Type: motor
Function: eye movement (down and in)
Origin: Midbrain

79
Q

CN V: Trigeminal

A

Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: muscles of mastication and somatic sensation of face, lips, & jaw
Origin: Pons

80
Q

CN VI: Abducens

A

Type: Motor
Function: Eye movement; side and out
Origin: POns

81
Q

CN VII: Facial

A

Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: taste for anterior 2/3rds of tongue, lips +facial movement, & expression
Origin: Pons

82
Q

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear

A

Type: Sensory
Function: Hearing and balance
Origin: Pons & medulla

83
Q

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

A

Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue; pharynx movement (superior portion)
Origin: Medulla

84
Q

CN X: Vagus

A

Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: sensory to larynx, pharynx, and abdominal viscera; motor to larynx, pharynx, and velum
Origin: Mefulla

85
Q

CN XI: Accessory

A

Type: Motor
Function: Shoulder and neck muscles, also assists vagus nerve movement
Origin: Medulla & spinal cord

86
Q

CN XII: Hypoglossal

A

Type: Motor
Function: Tongue Movement
Origin: Medulla

87
Q

Muscles of Mastiction

A 
Group of  four muscles responsible for chewing
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3, Medial Pterygoid
4. Lateral Pterygoid
88
Q

Masseter

A

Connects mandible and cheekbone; elevates mandible and closes the mouth

89
Q

Temporalis

A

Retracts and elevates mandible; side to side movement

90
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

Connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, & palatine bones; elevates mandible and protrudes the jaw

91
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A

Two headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull; depresses and protrudes mandible to open the mouth

92
Q

Respiration

A

Gas exchange (co2 out and o2 in)–

93
Q

Lungs

A

Porous, spongy organ of breathing– located in thoracic cavity

94
Q

Skeletal Structure

A 
7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
5 sacral vertebrae-fused (sacrum)
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
95
Q

Vegetative Breathing

A

Goal of life is sustenance; automatic and consistent

96
Q

Speech Breathing

A

Expiration more important than inspiration; we speak on exhale

97
Q

Ventilation

A

The process of inspiration and expiration

98
Q

Describe process of inspiration

A

Air enters the lungs and inspiratory muscles contract

  1. Diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
  2. External intercostal muscle contracts
  3. Thoracic cavity expands (volume increases; pressure decreases -Boyle’s law)
  4. Air ruses into the lungs
99
Q

Describe the process of expiration

A

Air exits the lungs & inspiratory muscles relax

  1. Diaphragm relaxes and rises
  2. Internal intercostal muscles relax
  3. Thoracic cavity collapses (Boyle’s Law)
  4. Air rushes out of the lungs (Lungs recoil, chest returns back to its original state and air is expelled out of lungs)
100
Q

Larynx

A

Organ involved in breathing, sound production, and aspiration prevention

101
Q

Regions of Larynx

A

Supraglottis, glottis, & subglottis

102
Q

Supraglottis

A

Area above the vocal folds

103
Q

Glottis

A

Contains true vocal folds

104
Q

Subglottis

A

Area below the vocal folds

105
Q

Unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. Cricoid cartilage
  2. Thyroid cartilage
  3. Epiglottis
106
Q

Paired cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. Arytenoids
  2. Corniculate
  3. Cuneiform
107
Q

Extrinsic muscle that elevate the larynx

A
  1. Suprahyoid

2. Stylopharyngeus

108
Q

Extrinsic muscles that depresses the larynx

A
  1. Infrahyoid
109
Q

Intrinsic muscle that abduct the vocal folds

A
  1. Posterior cricoarytenoid
110
Q

Intrinsic muscle that adduct the vocal folds

A
  1. Lateral cricoarytenoid
  2. Transverse arytenoid
  3. Oblique arytenoid
  4. Cricothyroid
  5. Thyroarytenoid
111
Q

Vocal Folds

A

Modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation

112
Q

Name the 3 pairs of vocal folds

A
  1. True vocal folds
  2. Aryepiglottic Folds
  3. Ventricular (false) Folds
113
Q

Describe one vocal fold vibration cycle

A
  1. Vocal folds are closed (adducted), air pressure builds up below them
  2. As air pressure rises the bottom of the folds are forced apart
  3. Pressure then forced folds apart at middle, then at top, until air flows freely
  4. Pressure decreases
  5. As pressure decreases, folds move toward midline (bottom first and top last)
114
Q

Aryepiglottic Folds

A

Tips of arytenoids to the larynx; separates laryngeal vestibule from pharynx

115
Q

Bernoulli Effect

A

Changes in pressure that pull vocal folds together– speed of air increases and “sucks” vocal folds toward one another

116
Q

Mucosal Wave

A

Wave-like motion of vocal fold cover; necessary for vibration – phonation

Comprehensive Exams (15 decks)

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