Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Nerves
A
axons bound together by connective tissue
2
Q
Neurons
A
Individual cells in the brain (CNS); parts of neuron include dendrites, axon, and cell body–transmits nerve impulses
3
Q
Nerves
A
Bundles of fibers found in PNS that transmits impulses – spinal nerves contain fibers of sensory an motor neurons
4
Q
Tracts
A
Groups of fibers inside the CNS (brain and spinal cord)– carry information up and down the spinal cord– to and from the brain
5
Q
Efferent
A
Motor Nerve– brain sends signal down to the nerve to innervate a muscle (exits)
Efferent Exits
6
Q
Afferent
A
Sensory Nerve– signal comes up from sensory organ via nerve to brain (arrives)
Afferent Arrives
7
Q
Pyramidal Tracts
A
Tracts originate in cerebral cortex– carries fibers to spinal cord/brainstem
Responsible for voluntary control of body and face muscles
8
Q
Extrapyramidal Tracts
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Tracts originate in brainstem–carries fibers to the spinal cord
Responsible for involuntary and automatic control (tone, balance, posture etc)
9
Q
Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)
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Found in cerebral cortex/brainstem– transmits nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons
10
Q
Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)
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Found in brainstem/spinal cord–transmits nerve impulses from upper motor neurons to muscles
11
Q
Corticospinal Tract
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Synapse/terminates in spinal cord– controls movements in limbs and trunk
corticoSPINAL–spinal cord
12
Q
Corticobulbar Tract
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Synapse/terminates in brainstem– controls muscles of face, head, neck
corticoBULBAR– brainstem
13
Q
Unilateral
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One side
14
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Bilateral
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Both sides
15
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Ipsilateral
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Same side of body
16
Q
Contralateral
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Opposite side of body
17
Q
Proximal
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Near given position
18
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Distal
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Away given position
19
Q
Anterior
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In front of
20
Q
Posterior
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Behind
21
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Superior
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Above
22
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Inferior
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Below
23
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Rostral
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Front; towards the nose
24
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Caudal
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Back; towards the tail
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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Parasympathetic Nervous System Division
Rest and digest-- controls body functions at rest
28
Sympathetic Nervous System Division
Fight or flight-- increases heart rate, blood pressure etc
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Autonomic (Inovluntary)
Regulates cardiac and smooth muscles, glands -- can be broken up into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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Somatic (Voluntary)
Skeletal muscles
31
Three major division of the brain
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain
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Forebrain
Function: processes sensory information, reasoning/problem solving, automatic motor functions
Largest brain division with 2 subdivisions: Telencephalon and Diencephalon
33
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex (divided into 4 major lobes)
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
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Diencephalon
Connects endocrine system with nervous system.
| Composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
35
Midbrain
Function: regulates movement, processes auditory and visual info
Connects forebrain to hindbrain; 2 main parts: Tectum and paired cerebral peduncles
36
Hindbrain
Functions: regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, relay of sensory information
Composed of 2 subdivisions: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
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Mentencephalon
Pons and Cerebellum
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Myelencephalon
Medula oblongata
39
Cerebrum
Location: front area of skull, composed of two hemispheres (left/right)
Function: "thinking portion: of brain; most complex cognitive functions
40
Brainstem
Location: base of brain-cerebrum juncture +spinal cord; midbrain, pons, & medulla
Function: automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate, etc)
41
Cerebellum
Location: back of brainstem under occipital lobe
Function: voluntary movements, balance, coordination, posture, attention
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Medulla
Location: lower portion of brainstem; below pons
Function: regulates respiration, heart rate, & reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing
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Pons
Location: middle portion of brainstem
Function: attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS
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Midbrain
Location: upper most part of brainstem
Function: houses substantia nigra (produces neurotransmitter -dopamine)
45
Basal Ganglia
Location: deep within cerebral hemispheres (either side of thalamus); telencephalon
Function: fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture
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Spinal Cord
Location: housed within bony vertebral columns; PNS begins here
Functions: allows afferent impulses to transmit to brain and efferent impulses to transmit from the brain to the body
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Thalamus
Location: top of brainstem; core of diencephalon
Function: relay center for sensory and motor signals -- also regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness
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Hypothalamus
Location: below thalamus; posterior to optic chiasm
Function: homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression
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Hippocampus
Location: within inferior and medial section of temporal lobe
Function: responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation
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Amygdala
Location: Nuclei located within temporal lobes
Function: responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation
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Heschl's Gyrus
Location: Brodmann area 41
Function: auditory processing; sensory hearing area
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Angular Gyrus
Location Brodmann area 39
| Function: involved in semantic processing, language, and cognition-- complex language related functions
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Broca's Area
Brodmann area 44; motor speech area; speech production
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Wernicke's Area
Brodmann area 22; language comprehension area; processing
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Primary Visual Area
Brodmann area 17; visual processing area
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Primary Sensory Area
Brodmann area 1,2,3; somatic sensations processing area
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Primary Motor Area
Brodmann area 4; planning and execution of movements
58
Frontal Lobe
Language production, cognitive functions, and voluntary movement
Primary motor area + controls executive function (memory, attention, motivation); Broca's Area-- motor speech
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Temporal Lobe
Language comprehension and memory
Auditory processing + Wernicke's area
60
Parietal Lobe
Sensation, taste, smell, touch, and hearing
Sensory motor area: spatial reasoning, math, reading, hearing, smell, taste, touch
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Occipital Lobe
Vision and visual processing
Receives visual cues from opposite visual field; color identification
62
Brain Stem
Breathing, temperature, and heart rate
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Cerebellum
Coordination and balance
64
Left Hemisphere
Language dominant hemisphere
| Damage=aphasia
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Right Hemisphere
Supporting language hemisphere
| Damage= higher-order language and perceptual damage
66
Circle of Willis
Located at the inferior portion of the brain; providing oxygenated blood to 80% of the cerebrum
67
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Extends upward and forward from internal carotid artery
Blood Supply: frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum
Stroke in ACA: opposite leg weakness
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Middle Cerebral Artery
Largest branch of internal carotid artery
Blood Supply: Broca & Wernicke, temporal lobe, & primary motor cortex
MCA is the artery that is most often occluded in a stroke
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
Stems from basilar artery
Blood Supply: occipital lobes, cerebellum, & inferior temporal
CVA PCA: usually secondary to embolism from lower segments of vertebral heart
70
Three types of fibers in CNS
1. Association Fibers
2. Commissural Fibers
3. Projection Fibers
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Commissural Fibers
Inter hemispheric (connects right and left hemispheres); interconnect identical and corresponding areas of 2 cerebral hemispheres
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Association Fibers
Intra hemispheric (within the same hemisphere); connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemisphere
73
Projection Fibers
Fibers that leave cerebral white matter connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and lower
74
6 Cranial Nerves Important for Speech
1. Trigeminal (CN V)
2. Facial (CN VII)
3. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
4. Vagus (CN X)
5. Accessory (CN XI)
6. Hypoglossal (CN XII)
75
CN I: Olfactory
Type: sensory
Function: smell
Origin: cerebral hemispheres
76
CN II: Optic
Type: sensory
Function: vision
Origin: thalamus
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CN III: Oculomotor
Type: motor
Function: pupil & eye movement
Origin: Midbrain
78
CN IV: Trochlear
Type: motor
Function: eye movement (down and in)
Origin: Midbrain
79
CN V: Trigeminal
Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: muscles of mastication and somatic sensation of face, lips, & jaw
Origin: Pons
80
CN VI: Abducens
Type: Motor
Function: Eye movement; side and out
Origin: POns
81
CN VII: Facial
Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: taste for anterior 2/3rds of tongue, lips +facial movement, & expression
Origin: Pons
82
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear
Type: Sensory
Function: Hearing and balance
Origin: Pons & medulla
83
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal
Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue; pharynx movement (superior portion)
Origin: Medulla
84
CN X: Vagus
Type: Motor and Sensory
Function: sensory to larynx, pharynx, and abdominal viscera; motor to larynx, pharynx, and velum
Origin: Mefulla
85
CN XI: Accessory
Type: Motor
Function: Shoulder and neck muscles, also assists vagus nerve movement
Origin: Medulla & spinal cord
86
CN XII: Hypoglossal
Type: Motor
Function: Tongue Movement
Origin: Medulla
87
Muscles of Mastiction
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Group of four muscles responsible for chewing
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3, Medial Pterygoid
4. Lateral Pterygoid
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88
Masseter
Connects mandible and cheekbone; elevates mandible and closes the mouth
89
Temporalis
Retracts and elevates mandible; side to side movement
90
Medial Pterygoid
Connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, & palatine bones; elevates mandible and protrudes the jaw
91
Lateral Pterygoid
Two headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull; depresses and protrudes mandible to open the mouth
92
Respiration
Gas exchange (co2 out and o2 in)--
93
Lungs
Porous, spongy organ of breathing-- located in thoracic cavity
94
Skeletal Structure
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7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
5 sacral vertebrae-fused (sacrum)
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
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95
Vegetative Breathing
Goal of life is sustenance; automatic and consistent
96
Speech Breathing
Expiration more important than inspiration; we speak on exhale
97
Ventilation
The process of inspiration and expiration
98
Describe process of inspiration
Air enters the lungs and inspiratory muscles contract
1. Diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
2. External intercostal muscle contracts
3. Thoracic cavity expands (volume increases; pressure decreases -Boyle's law)
4. Air ruses into the lungs
99
Describe the process of expiration
Air exits the lungs & inspiratory muscles relax
1. Diaphragm relaxes and rises
2. Internal intercostal muscles relax
3. Thoracic cavity collapses (Boyle's Law)
4. Air rushes out of the lungs (Lungs recoil, chest returns back to its original state and air is expelled out of lungs)
100
Larynx
Organ involved in breathing, sound production, and aspiration prevention
101
Regions of Larynx
Supraglottis, glottis, & subglottis
102
Supraglottis
Area above the vocal folds
103
Glottis
Contains true vocal folds
104
Subglottis
Area below the vocal folds
105
Unpaired cartilages of the larynx
1. Cricoid cartilage
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
106
Paired cartilages of the larynx
1. Arytenoids
2. Corniculate
3. Cuneiform
107
Extrinsic muscle that elevate the larynx
1. Suprahyoid
| 2. Stylopharyngeus
108
Extrinsic muscles that depresses the larynx
1. Infrahyoid
109
Intrinsic muscle that abduct the vocal folds
1. Posterior cricoarytenoid
110
Intrinsic muscle that adduct the vocal folds
1. Lateral cricoarytenoid
2. Transverse arytenoid
3. Oblique arytenoid
4. Cricothyroid
5. Thyroarytenoid
111
Vocal Folds
Modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation
112
Name the 3 pairs of vocal folds
1. True vocal folds
2. Aryepiglottic Folds
3. Ventricular (false) Folds
113
Describe one vocal fold vibration cycle
1. Vocal folds are closed (adducted), air pressure builds up below them
2. As air pressure rises the bottom of the folds are forced apart
3. Pressure then forced folds apart at middle, then at top, until air flows freely
4. Pressure decreases
5. As pressure decreases, folds move toward midline (bottom first and top last)
114
Aryepiglottic Folds
Tips of arytenoids to the larynx; separates laryngeal vestibule from pharynx
115
Bernoulli Effect
Changes in pressure that pull vocal folds together-- speed of air increases and "sucks" vocal folds toward one another
116
Mucosal Wave
Wave-like motion of vocal fold cover; necessary for vibration -- phonation
