Neurogenic Communication Disorders Flashcards
Working Memory
ability to hold a given amount of info for immediate processing
Short-Term Memory
retention of info for longer than 20 seconds; lasting hours
Long-Term Memory
retention of info for months/years
Declarative Memory
recall of facts
Episodic Memory
recall of specific and recent events
Procedural Memory
recall of sequences necessary for given task(s)
Focused Attention
The ability to focus and respond stimuli and information
Sustained Attention
The ability to sustain or hold and manipulate information
Selective Attention
The ability to attend and select information within a larger set
Alternating Attention
The ability to switch or alternate between tasks
Divided Attention
The ability to attend and “divide” focus on multiple things at once
Non-Fluent Aphasia
Effortful, telegraphic speech; impaired grammar
Auditory comprehension > expression
Fluent Aphasia
Fluent, copious verbal output; poor auditory comprehension
Dementia
Persistent or progressive deterioration of cognitive functions
Memory deficits are most characteristic; may also impact language, emotional, personality
Right Hemisphere Disorder (RHD)
acquired following brain injury; visuospatial deficits, visual (left) neglect; anosognosia; denial and poor awareness of impairment; prosodic, inferencing, and discourse deficits, sustained and selective attention deficits
Apraxia
Inferior posterior left hemisphere damage; deficit in motor planning with normal speech musculature;
Articulation c/b groping, inconsistency, and errors of sound/syllable sequencing
Treatment focus on auditory visual stimulation, oral motor repetition, phonetic placement, and pacing
Dysarthria
Type depends on site of lesion
C/b slowness, weakness, and incoordination of speech musculature
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Penetrating: scalp/skull broken, fractured= open TBI
Non-penetrating: skull is not broken or fractured= closed TBI
Possible deficits: word retrieval and naming deficits, pragmatic deficits, irritability and unreasonable behaviors, dysarthria, perseverations, poor attention, reading and writing deficits
Anomia
Problem with word finding; symptom of aphasia
Paraphasia
Error in which an incorrect word, part of word, or sound is submitted for an in intended target word
Phonemic Paraphasia
Few phoneme mistakes; mostly correct word
Intended Word: fork
Client response: lork
Semantic Paraphasia
Word substituted for word with similar meaning
Intended Word: fork
Client response: spoon
Neologistic Paraphasia
Word substituted for a made-up word
Intended Word: fork
Client response: fannak
Perseveration
Inappropriate repetition of a word or idea previously produced
Agrammatism
Grammar deficits, inadequate sentence production
Typically uses content words and omit funciton words
Alexia
Acquire reading impairment following brain damage
Agraphia
Acquired writing impairment following brain damage– motor dysfunction or spelling impairment deficits
Neologism
Error type in which a new word is created; the word has no meaning to the speaker and is entirely different from intended word
Circumlocution
Talking around the intended word or idea
Jargon
Continuous fluent utterances that make little sense but appear to make sense to the speaker, typically seen in fluent aphasia
Neurogenic Communication Disorders
Communication problems that arise following damage to the brain/nervous system
Damage to frontal lobe
Executive function deficits (i.e., problem solving, reasoning)
Memory loss, consciousness, impulse control
Motor planning candor programming (i.e., apraxia, dysarthria)
Damage to parietal lobe
Sensory deficits
Difficult reading/writing, spatial relationships
Mathematical deficits
Damage to Temporal Lobe
Deficits in auditory perception/sensation/integration
Categorization difficulties, memory, and recognition deficits
Left temporal=verbal info
Right temporal = nonverbal info
Damage to occipital lobe
Visual deficits, alexia, agraphia
Damage to basal ganglia
Hypokinetic Dysarthria: slow, limited movements
or
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria= quick, involuntary movements
Damage to hipocampus
Memory impairments; fear and anxieties may increase
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) CVA
May have deficits in memory, emotion, sensory, motor speech
Cortical=apraxia
Subcortical= dysarthria
Damage to brainstem
Attention deficits, consciousness, non-voluntary function damage
CN damage= can present as dysarthria and/or dysphagia
Midbrain (dopamine producer): Parkinson’s/Hypokinetic Dysarthria
Damage to cerbellum
Motor coordination and balance deficits
Ataxia: slurred speech, stumbling, incoordination (appears drunk)
Signs and symptoms of left hemisphere damage
Expressive deficits, receptive deficits, global deficits, cognitive impairment, right visual field impairment
Signs and symptoms of right hemisphere damage
Spatial and perceptual deficits, discourse and pragmatic deficits, impulse behavior, attention difficulty, judgement + reasoning problems, poor awareness of deficits
Ischemic CVA
Occurs due to blockage of a blood vessel; most common cause of stroke
Thrombotic Stroke
Blood clot develops in blood vessels inside brain, interrupted blood flow
Embolic
Blood clot develops elsewhere in body + travels to brain through brainstem
Hemorrhagic CVA
Occurs due to bleeding, blood vessel rupture; high blood pressure is most common cause
Intracerebral Hemorrhagic CVA
Most common; artery burst, flooding tissues with blood
Subarachnoid Hemorrhagic CVA
Bleeding in area between arachnoid matter + pia matter
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Often called “mini stroke”, temporary clot, may be warning for future stroke(s)
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) CVA
Temporal and occipital lobes; results in writing deficits, memory and cognitive communication deficits
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) CVA
C/b hemiplegia, dysphagia, Broca’s/Wernicke’s aphasia, impaired vision
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) CVA
Hemiplegia, flat affect, impulsivity, auditory comprehension deficits
Anoxia
Lack of oxygen to brain
Ataxia
Degenerative disease of nervous system symptoms
Aneurysm
Abnormal ballooning, forms in blood vessel
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain and/or spinal cord
Flaccid Dysarthria
Location of Lesion: Lower motor Neuron
Primary Deficit: Weakness
Spastic Dysarthria
Location of Lesion: Bilateral upper motor neuron
Primary Deficit: Spasticity
Ataxic Dysarthria
Location of Lesion: Cerebellum
Primary Deficit: Incoodination
Hypokinetic Dysarthria
Location of Lesion: basal ganglia (dopamine depletion)
Primary Deficit: rigidity and decreased ROM
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
Location of Lesion: Basal Ganglia (excess dopamine)
Unilateral UMN Dysarthria
Location of Lesion: Unilateral upper motor neuron
Primary Deficit: Weakness, incoordination, and spasticity
