Voice and Fluency

Question 1

What is the hallmark of vocal nodules?

Answer 1

The inability to sing high and soft.

Question 2

What are vocal nodes?

Answer 2

These are benign growths, typically bilateral.

Question 3

What is treatment for vocal nodes?

Answer 3

Treatment for this consists of vocal rest and vocal hygiene. Breathy voice (easy onset).

Question 4

What are polyps and how are they caused?

Answer 4

Growths arising from vocal fold mucosa, largely caused by smoking.

Question 5

What are symptoms of polyps?

Answer 5

Symptoms of this disorder include dysphonia, diplophonia, vocal fatigue. They may feel something in their throat and the need to clear throat frequently. If it/they are large, they may have difficulty inhaling..

Question 6

What is the voice quality of a person with polyps like?

Answer 6

Voice quality of a person with this voice disorder: breathy and diplophonic.

Question 7

What is the treatment of polyps?

Answer 7

Treatment of this condition includes vocal rest, vocal hygiene, and surgery in severe cases. Individual must stop smoking.

Question 8

What causes contact ulcers?

Answer 8

This condition is caused by GERD, slamming of the arytenoid cartilages, or intubation.

Question 9

What are symptoms of contact ulcers?

Answer 9

Most prominent symptom is pain.

Question 10

What are treatments for contact ulcers?

Answer 10

Treatments for this condition may include a referral to a physical because you need to treat GERD to ensure it doesn’t return.

Question 11

What is Reinke’s Edema?

Answer 11

This is swelling of the vocal folds due to fluid collection.

Question 12

What causes Reinke’s Edema?

Answer 12

Smoking, GER, hormonal change and chronic vocal abuse.

Question 13

What is treatment of Reinke’s Edema?

Answer 13

Treatment of this condition includes removal of the irritant.

Question 14

What is vocal quality of Reinke’s Edema?

Answer 14

Vocal quality of this condition includes a lower pitch, which is most notable in women.

Question 15

What is Lombard effect?

Answer 15

Unconscious voice increase in the presence of loud background noise

Question 16

How can you use the Lombard effect?

Answer 16

You can use this to treat voice loudness disorders when voice is too soft.

Question 17

Jitter is associated with?

Answer 17

Frequency

Question 18

What is shimmer associated with?

Answer 18

Amplitude

Question 19

What is fluent speech?

Answer 19

Less than 5% disfluencies. Smooth, relatively easy/rapid/rhythmic and fluid.

Question 20

Describe the parts of the speech iceberg

Answer 20

1. Behavioral component (what we see)
2. Affective component (what they feel)
3. Cognitive component (what they think)

Question 21

What is the foundation of fluency and voice?

Answer 21

1. Airflow

Question 22

What is stuttering?

Answer 22

Disorder of fluency

Question 23

How do you describe stuttering?

Answer 23

Use frequency and duration: how often it happens and how long something is prolongated.

Question 24

Formula for % disfluent

Answer 24

(# dysfluencies) / (total words) = % disfluencies

Question 25

What are the core/primary disfluencies?

Answer 25

1. Sound repetitions 2. Syllable repetitions 3. Blocks 4. Broken words 5. Prolongations

Question 26

What are the secondary disfluencies?

Answer 26

1. Interjections (um, uh) 2. Revisions 3. Phrase repetitions 4. Word repetitions

Question 27

What is a facial grimmace?

Answer 27

This is similar to groping in apraxia, but for stuttering. Usually mild.

Question 28

Stuttering assessment: what things will you look at?

Answer 28

1. most frequently stuttered sounds 2. core disfluencies 3. % disfluent 4. severity 5. concomitant behaviors 6. When do they stutter most? 7. On what part of the word do they stutter? 8. Family history? 9. REMEMBER THE ICEBERG

Question 29

Where does stuttering occur in neuro SAAND?

Answer 29

initial, medial, or final position

Question 30

What is the Foundation of Stuttering Modification?

Answer 30

This takes an emotional perspective and targets the lower half of the iceberg. Begin with reducing feelings of shame and guilt.

Question 31

What are the techniques of the stuttering mod camp?

Answer 31

1. Cancellation 2. Pull out 3. Bounce 4. Preparatory set (they know they're about to stutter, so they prep for it). 5. Slowed rate

Question 32

What is the foundation of *fluency shaping?*

Answer 32

This camp targets the top of the iceberg. This camp believes you need to target the stutter itself - fuck the iceberg.

Question 33

What are the techniques of *fluency shaping?*

Answer 33

1. Easy onset 2. Soft contact 3. continuous phonation 4. short phrases 5. slow rate

Question 34

Commonalities of both *fluency shaping* and *stuttering modification*

Answer 34

1. Slowed rate 2. Self monitoring 3. Self correcting

Question 35

Components of parent eduction re: stuttering tx

Answer 35

* Stuttering is cyclical * THEY DID NOT CAUSE THE STUTTERING * It's ok to talk about it * Increase situations that promote fluency, incorrect situations that inhibit fluency

Question 36

What is the most common SAAND pathology?

Answer 36

CVA

Question 37

Developmental stutter vs. SAAND: * What word types are mostly stuttered? * Adaptation * Automated tasks * Singing, talking to self or pets

Answer 37

* Nouns vs. small grammatical words * Present vs. not present * More fluent vs. no difference * Reduces fluency vs. does not

Question 38

Similarities between developmental stutter and SAAND?

Answer 38

Both know what they want to say