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Praxis > Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism > Flashcards

Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary muscle of the lips?

A

Orbicularis Oris

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2
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus

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3
Q

What three nuclear masses compose the corpus striatum?

A

The globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and the putamen.

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4
Q

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to this part of these parts of the brain?

A

The corpus collosum and the basal ganglia

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5
Q

What are the aryepiglottic folds?

A

Rings of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

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6
Q

What muscle is most involved in producing voiceless “th”?

A

The genioglossus

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7
Q

Function of the cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoid?

A

These are the muscles most involved in adducting the vocal folds

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8
Q

CNX innervates what muscle(s)/structure(s) of speech?

A

It innervates the larynx, levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and the palatopharyngeus.

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9
Q

What muscles contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing and elevating the velum?

A

The palatoglossus, the tensor veli palatini, and the levator veli palatini

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10
Q

What is the lingual frenum and what is it’s main function.

A

The name of the structure located at the inferior portion the the tongue that connects the tongue to the mandible and helps stabilize the tongue.

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11
Q

What supplies energy for speech?

A

Breathing

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12
Q

What is phonation?

A

Voicing with the structures and processes that help produce voice.

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13
Q

What is resonation?

A

This is the modification of the voice produced at the laryngeal level, due to the dynamics of the various supralaryngeal cavities and structures.

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14
Q

What is articulation?

A

Production of speech sounds in isolation as well as in connected speech.

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15
Q

There are how many cervical vertebrae and what are their names?

A

There are 7 and named C1 - C7

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16
Q

There are how many thoracic vertebrae and what are their names?

A

There are 12 and named T1 - T12

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17
Q

There are how many lumbar vertebrae and what are their names?

A

There are 5, and named L1 - L5

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18
Q

There are how many sacral vertebrae and what are their names? What is special about these vertebrae?

A

There are 5, and named S1 - S5. They are fused in adults.

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19
Q

There are how many coccygeal vertebrae, and what are they called? What is special about them?

A

There are 3-4, and called the coccyx. They are also fused, which is why it’s just referred to as the coccyx.

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20
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostals and how many are there?

A

The 11 paired internal intercostals pull the ribs downto decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

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21
Q

What is the function of the external intercostals and how many are there?

A

The 11 paired external intercostals raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.

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22
Q

What innervates the diaphram and what is the diaphram’s function?

A

C3-C5, and distends abdomen, enlarges vertical dimension of the thorax, and depresses central tendon of the diaphragm.

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23
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior and superior and what are their functions?

A

C7, T1-T4, and to elevate the rib cage.

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24
Q

What innervates the levator costarum brevis and what is its function?

A

T2-T12 and to elevate the rib cage

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25
Q

What innervates the levator costarum longis and what is the its function?

A

T2-T12 and to elevate the rib cage

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26
Q

What innervates the external intercostals and what are their function?

A

T2-T11 and to elevate the rib cage

27
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, transversus adbominis, internal oblique adbominis, and quadratus lumborum

28
Q

What is the fucntion of the Latissimus dorsi?

A

stabilizes the posterior abdominal wall for expiration

29
Q

What is the fucntion of the rectus abdominus?

A

flexes vertebral column

30
Q

What is the function of the transversus abdominis?

A

It compresses the abdomen

31
Q

What is the function of the internal oblique abdominis?

A

It compresses the abdomen, and flexes and rotates the trunk

32
Q

What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

A

It supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls.

33
Q

What are three biological functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Clsoure of the trachea so that food and other substances do not enter the lungs
  2. Production of the cough reflex to expel foreign substances that accidentally enter the trachea
  3. Closure of the vocal folds to build subglottic pressure necessary for the physical tasks such as excretion and lifting heavy items
34
Q

Where are the coniculate cartilages located and what is their function?

A

They sit on the apex of the arytenoids and they assis in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing

35
Q

Where are the cuneiform cartilages located and what do they do?

A
  1. They are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds
  2. They serve to stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds
36
Q

What are intrinsic muscles of the larynx primarily responsible for?

A

They are primarily responsible for controlling sound production

37
Q

What are the instrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A
  1. Thyroarytenoud
  2. Lateral cricoarytenoid
  3. transverse arytenoid
  4. oblique arytenoid
  5. cricothyroid
  6. posterior cricoarytenoid
38
Q

What is the function of the thyroarytenoid?

A

Primary function is to vibrate to produce sound

39
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid?

A
  1. Adducts vocal folds
  2. increases medial compression
40
Q

What is the function of the transverse arytenoid?

A

Adducts vocal folds

41
Q

What is the function of the oblique arytenoid?

A

Pulls apex of arytenoids in a medial direction

42
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid?

A

Lengthens and tenses the vocal folds

43
Q

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

abducts the vocal folds

44
Q

What is another name for elevator muscles of the larynx, and where are they located?

A
  1. suprahyoid muscles
  2. located above the hyoid bone
45
Q

What is another name for depressor muscles of the larynx and where are they located?

A
  1. infrahyoid muscles
  2. located below the hyoid bone
46
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

To regulate motor movement

47
Q

What is the function and innervation of the levator veli palatini?

A
  1. X, XI
  2. Primary elevator of velum
48
Q

What is the function and innervation of the tensor veli palatini?

A
  1. V
  2. Tenses velum
  3. dilates eustachian tubes
49
Q

What is the function and innervation of the palatoglossus?

A
  1. X, XI
  2. Elevates and depresses the velum
50
Q

What is the function and innervation of the palatopharyngeous?

A
  1. X, XI
  2. Narrows pharyngeal cavity
  3. lowers the velum
  4. may help elevate the larynx
51
Q

How many teeth are in a typical adult mouth?

A

There are 32 in a typical adult mouth

52
Q

What CN innervates the tongue muscles?

A

CN XII innervates these muscles

53
Q

What CN innervates the genioglossus muscle and what is the genioglossus’ function?

A
  1. XII
  2. Retracts tongue, draw tongue downward, draw entire tongue antiriorly to protrude the tip or press tip against the alveolar ridges and teeth
54
Q

What is another name for sensory neurons and what do they do?

A
  • Also called affarent neurons
  • Carry sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organs to the brain
55
Q

What is another name for motor neurons and what do they do?

A
  • Also called efferent neurons
  • They transmit impulses away from the central nervous system
56
Q

What is the PNS?

A
  • The peripheral nervous system
  • They carry sensory impulses that originate in the peripheral sense organs to the brain
  • Also carry motor impulses that originate in the brain to the glafs and muscles of the body
57
Q

What is the name of the CN exit in the brain?

A

The foramina

58
Q

CN are a part of what motor system?

A

Lower motor system

59
Q

What CN’s are involved in speech, language, and hearing?

A

V, and VII-XII

60
Q

What may be the result of damage to CNV?

A
  • Inability to close mouth
  • Difficulty chewing
61
Q

What may result from damage to CN VII

A

A mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression

62
Q

What may result from damage to CN VIII?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Problems with balance
63
Q

What may result from damage to CN IX

A
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Unilateral loss of the gag reflex
  • Loss

Praxis (14 decks)

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