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Paramedic Class > Vocabulary 8-9 > Flashcards

Vocabulary 8-9 Flashcards

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1
Q

ABO system

A

The commonly used blood classification system, based on the antigens present or absent in the blood

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2
Q

Accessory muscles

A

The muscles not normally used during quiet breathing

Ex. Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, abdominal muscles

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3
Q

Accommodation

A

The ability of the lens of the eye to change its shape to focus on a close object

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4
Q

Acetabulum

A

The socket formed by the coxal (hip) bone into which the ball-shaped femoral head fits snugly

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5
Q

ACh

A

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter released at synapses within the autonomic nervous system and by motor neurons to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction

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6
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme found in the central nervous system, in red blood cells, and in motor endplates of skeletal muscle that causes the decomposition of acetylcholine

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7
Q

Acid

A

Any molecule that can give up a hydrogen ion, and therefore increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a water solution

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8
Q

Acidosis

A

A pathological condition resulting from the accumulation of acids in the body (blood pH less than 7.35)

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9
Q

Acromion process

A

The tip of the shoulder and the site of attachment for the clavicle and various shoulder muscles

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10
Q

Action potential

A

Sequence of changes in the membrane potential that occurs when an excitable cell (neuron or muscle) is stimulated

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11
Q

Actin

A

A contractile protein found in the thin filaments of skeletal muscle cells

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12
Q

Active transport

A

A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges, usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy

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13
Q

Adaptation

A

The temporary or permanent reduction of sensitivity to a particular stimulus

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14
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

The nucleotide formed from the metabolism of nutrients in the cell; involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

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15
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of the adrenal gland; it produces hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance of the body

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16
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Paired endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system; each adrenal gland consists of an inner adrenal medulla and an adrenal cortex

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17
Q

Adrenergic

A

Having the characteristics of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol (a glucocorticoid)

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19
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

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20
Q

Afterimage

A

The perception that a stimulus is still present after the stimulus has been removed

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21
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood

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22
Q

Albumins

A

The smallest of plasma proteins; they make up around 60% of the plasma proteins and are responsible for the oncotic pressure in the vasculature, thereby controlling the movement of water into and out of the circulation

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23
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and water from the kidney tubules

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24
Q

Alkalosis

A

A pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body (blood pH greater than 7.45)

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25
Q

Alleles

A

Variant forms of a gene, which can be identical or slightly different in a sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid

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26
Q

Alveoli

A

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place; also, the bony sockets for the teeth that reside in the mandible and maxilla

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27
Q

Anabolism

A

The building of larger substances from smaller substances, such as the building of proteins from amino acids

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28
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that occurs in the absence of oxygen

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29
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of an organism and its parts

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30
Q

Angle of Louis

A

A prominence of the sternum that indicates the point where the second rib joins the sternum; also called the sternal angle or manubriosternal junction

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31
Q

Antagonist

A

A molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical to bind to its receptor, preventing a biologic response

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32
Q

Antigens

A

Proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids commonly found on the surfaces of red blood cells that stimulate an immune system response and cause formation of antibodies; cells learn to recognize antigens as either “self” or “nonself” (foreign)

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33
Q

Aorta

A

The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body; the largest artery in the body

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34
Q

Aortic valve

A

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

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35
Q

Apneustic center

A

A portion of the pons that is thought to work with the pontine respiratory group to regulate the length and depth of inspiration

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36
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The portion of the skeletal system made up of the upper extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities

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37
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Watery fluid filling the anterior eye cavity; the quantity determines the intraocular pressure, which is critical to sight

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38
Q

Areolar tissue

A

A type of loose connective tissue that binds skin to underlying organs and fills in spaces between muscles

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39
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Six paired cartilages stacked on top of each other in the larynx

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40
Q

Astigmatism

A

Condition where parts of the image are out of focus and others are in focus; caused by irregularities in the shape of the eye lens

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41
Q

Atlas

A

The first cervical vertebra (C1), which provides support for the head

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42
Q

Atria

A

Two upper chambers of the heart

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43
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

A hormone produced by the atria when they are distended by increased blood volume; it inhibits the absorption of water and sodium in the renal tubules, thereby increasing the elimination of water

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44
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

A group of cells that conduct an electrical impulse through the heart; located in the floor of the right atrium immediately behind the tricuspid valve and near the opening of the coronary sinus

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45
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

The mitral and tricuspid valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

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46
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to initiate an electrical impulse spontaneously without being stimulated from another source (such as a nerve)

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47
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic Nervous System

A subdivision of the nervous system that controls primarily involuntary body functions; comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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48
Q

Autosomes

A

The chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex

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49
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The portion of the skeleton made up of the skull, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

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50
Q

Axis

A

Imaginary line joining the positive and negative electrodes of a lead; also the second cervical vertebra

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51
Q

Axon

A

Long, slender extension of a neuron (nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body to adjacent cells

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52
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that exist in the blood, and are abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and spleen; also called B cells

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53
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Nerve endings that are stimulated by pressure changes, including increased arterial blood pressure; they are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses

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54
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Structures located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain that have an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture

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55
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The rate at which nutrients are consumed in the body

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56
Q

Basophils

A

White blood cells that contain histamine granules and other substances that are released during inflammatory and allergic responses

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57
Q

Bilirubin

A

A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver

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58
Q

Binocular vision

A

The merging of two images into one

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59
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

A layer of tightly-adhered cells that protects the brain and spinal cord from exposure to medications, toxins, and infectious particles

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60
Q

Bone marrow

A

Soft tissue that fills the inside of bones and is the site of production of red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells

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61
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

The collection of hollows in the bone of the inner ear that provide protection to the structures of the inner ear from damage and from extraneous stimulation

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62
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Gas law that demonstrates that as a pressure increases, volume decreases; at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure; written as PV = K

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63
Q

Brain

A

The part of the central nervous system located within the cranium; contains billions of neurons that serve a variety of functions including consciousness, perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment

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64
Q

Brainstem

A

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as breathing

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65
Q

Bruit

A

Abnormal whooshing sounds indicating turbulent blood flow within a narrowed blood vessel, usually heard in the carotid arteries

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66
Q

Buffer system

A

Fast-acting defenses for acid-base changes, providing almost immediate protection against changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of extracellular fluid

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67
Q

Bundle of His

A

The portion of the conduction system of the heart located in the upper portion of the interventricular septum that conducts an electrical impulse from the atrioventricular junction to the right and left bundle branches

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68
Q

Bursa

A

A small, padlike sac or cavity filled with a small amount of synovial fluid that helps reduce the amount of friction between a tendon and a bone or between a tendon and a ligament, usually located near a joint

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69
Q

Calcaneus

A

The heel bone; the largest of the tarsal bones

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70
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 33°F (1°C); the amount of energy that can be obtained from the nutrients you eat; also called a kilocalorie

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71
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Substances (including sugars and starches) that provide much of the energy required by the body’s cells, as well as helping to build cell structures

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72
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends just before the beginning of the next contraction; each one consists of ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

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73
Q

Carina

A

The point of bifurcation of the right and left primary (mainstem) bronchi

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74
Q

Carpal bones

A

The eight small bones of the wrist

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75
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Those connected by hyaline cartilage, or fibrocartilage, such as the joints that separate the vertebrae

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76
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

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77
Q

Cataract

A

Clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding transparent membrane

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78
Q

Catecholamines

A

Amine substances such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine that function as neurotransmitters, hormones, or both

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79
Q

Cell membrane

A

A selectively permeable layer of cells that surround intracellular contents and control movement of substances into and out of the cell; also called the cytoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane

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80
Q

Cellular respiration

A

A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate

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81
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

The brain and spinal cord

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82
Q

Cerebellum

A

Area of the brain involved in fine and gross muscle coordination; responsible for interpretation of actual movement and correction of any movements that interfere with coordination and the body’s position

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83
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer covering of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres; regulates voluntary skeletal movement and plays an important role in one’s level of awareness

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84
Q

CPP

A

Cerebral perfusion pressure

Pressure inside the cerebral arteries and an indicator of brain perfusion; calculated by subtracting intracranial pressure from mean arterial pressure

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85
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

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86
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the brain; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality; divided into right and left hemispheres; also called gray matter

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87
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sense organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of cerebrospinal fluid and blood and provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time

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88
Q

Cholinergic

A

Having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; also refers to other structures or functions that are related to acetylcholine

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89
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the atrioventricular valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

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90
Q

Choroid

A

The vascular, pigmented middle layer of the eye wall

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91
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Group of specialized cells in the ventricles of the brain; filters blood through cerebral capillaries to create cerebrospinal fluid

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92
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures formed from condensed fibers and protein of deoxyribonucleic acid; they are threadlike, and are contained within the nucleus of the cells

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93
Q

Chronotropic effect

A

Related to the effect of the rate of contraction of the heart

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94
Q

Ciliary body

A

The structure associated with the choroid layer of the eye that secretes aqueous humor and contains the ciliary muscle

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95
Q

Circulatory system

A

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

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96
Q

Circumflex coronary artery

A

One of two branches of the left main coronary artery

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97
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

A sequence of enzymatic reactions involving the metabolism of carbon chains of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to yield carbon dioxide, water, and high-energy phosphate bonds; also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle

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98
Q

Clotting cascade

A

A set of interactions that lead to the formation of a fibrin clot; also called the coagulation cascade

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99
Q

Cochlea

A

The portion of the inner ear that has hearing receptors

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100
Q

Compound

A

A substance that can be broken down into the two or more elements contained within it

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101
Q

Conductivity

A

The property that allows a cardiac cell to receive an electrical impulse and pass it on to an adjoining cardiac cell

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102
Q

Cones

A

One of two photoreceptors of the retina that can distinguish colors, but requires a greater amount of light to activate and create an image

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103
Q

Conjunctiva

A

The membranous covering on the anterior surface of the eye that also lines the eyelids

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104
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

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105
Q

Connective tissues

A

Tissues that bind, support, protect, frame, and fill body structures; they also store fat, produce blood cells, repair tissues, and protect against infection

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106
Q

Contractility

A

The ability of myocardial cells to shorten in response to an impulse, which results in contraction

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107
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris of the eye

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108
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Venous drain for the coronary circulation into the right atrium

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109
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A deep bridge of nerve fibers connecting the brain hemispheres

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110
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Any of several steroids secreted by the adrenal gland

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111
Q

Cortisol

A

A glucocorticoid of the middle adrenal cortex that influences protein and fat metabolism and stimulates glucose to be synthesized from noncarbohydrates

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112
Q

Cranial nerves

A

The 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the base of the brain

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113
Q

Cranial vault

A

The bones that encase and protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones; the roof of the skull (cranium)

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114
Q

Cranium

A

The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the part of the skull that houses the brain

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115
Q

Cribriform plate

A

A horizontal bone perforated with numerous openings for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity

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116
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx; the first ring of the trachea and the only upper airway structure that forms a complete ring; also called the cricoid ring

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117
Q

Cricothyroid membrane

A

A thin sheet of fascia located between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage that is relatively avascular and contains few nerves; the site for emergency access to the airway

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118
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gel-like material that fills out a cell; it makes up most of the volume of the cell, and suspends the organelles of the cell

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119
Q

Deep fascia

A

A dense layer of fibrous tissue below the subcutaneous tissue; composed of tough bands of tissue that surround muscles and other internal structures

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120
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike projections of nerve cells that receive impulses or sensory information from nearby cells and conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body

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121
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Specialized structure within the cell that carries genetic material for reproduction

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122
Q

Depolarization

A

In response to an action potential, the rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes overall charge of the cell; this rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions

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123
Q

Dermatome

A

The area of the skin supplied by a specific sensory spinal nerve

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124
Q

Descending aorta

A

The portion of the aorta that extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis

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125
Q

Diapedesis

A

A process whereby leukocytes move through the wall of a capillary and out to the tissues where they are needed most

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126
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large skeletal muscle that plays a major role in breathing and separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity

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127
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

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128
Q

Diastole

A

Phase of the cardiac cycle in which the atria and ventricles relax between contractions and blood enters these chambers

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129
Q

Diencephalon

A

Portion of the brain between the brainstem and cerebrum; contains the epithalamus, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the subthalamus

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130
Q

Differentiation

A

The process of specialization of a cell

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131
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of particles moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration along a concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved

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132
Q

Digestion

A

The chemical breakdown of food material into smaller fragments that can be absorbed into the circulatory system

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133
Q

Diploid cells

A

Cells that carry two of each of the 23 chromosomes- one from the father and one from the mother

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134
Q

DRG

A

Dorsal respiratory group

A portion of the medulla oblongata that functions as a respiratory integration center; it receives input from several sources including the pontine respiratory group, sensory input through the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, central chemoreceptors in the medulla, and peripheral chemoreceptors

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135
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it is the toughest meningeal layer

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136
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (such as water); chemicals dissolved in the blood

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137
Q

Endocardium

A

The thin membrane lining the inside of the heart

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138
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that have no ducts and secrete directly into tissue fluid or blood

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139
Q

Endocrine system

A

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

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140
Q

Endolymph

A

The fluid containing nerve receptors that resides inside the membranous labyrinth; sound waves converted into pressure waves are transmitted through this fluid to the auditory nerves

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141
Q

ENS

A

Enteric nervous system

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that controls the digestive system

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142
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

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143
Q

Eosinophil

A

A leukocyte that may play a role following infection in various areas in the body

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144
Q

Epicardium

A

The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium

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145
Q

Epiglottis

A

A thin, flaplike structure that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

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146
Q

Epinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; mediates the fight-or-flight response; also called adrenaline

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147
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

The growth plate of a long bone; a major site of bone development during childhood; also called the physis

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148
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Body tissues that cover organs, form the inner lining of cavities, and line hollow organs

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149
Q

Estrogen

A

A hormone released from the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle

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150
Q

Eustachian tube

A

A branch of the internal auditory canal that connects the middle ear to the oropharynx

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151
Q

Excitability

A

The ability of cardiac muscle cells to respond to an electrical, chemical, or mechanical stimulus

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152
Q

Exhalation

A

The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs

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153
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete chemicals into ducts that open onto a surface for elimination

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154
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL

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155
Q

ECF

A

Extracellular fluid

Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body’s supply of sodium is contained; accounts for 15%-20% of body weight

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156
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

Referring to the eye; six muscles that attach to the exterior of the globe and are controlled by the cranial nerves

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157
Q

Fascia

A

A sheet or band of tough fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles, and which also covers arteries, veins, tendons, and ligaments

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158
Q

Fibrin

A

A white, insoluble protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen during the blood clotting process; forms the matrix of a blood clot

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159
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A plasma protein that is important for blood clotting

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160
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Joints that lie between bones that closely contact each other, joined by thin, dense connective tissue

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161
Q

Filtration

A

The movement of fluid from intravascular fluid under high pressure to interstitial fluid, which is generally under lower pressure

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162
Q

Fluid balance

A

The process of maintaining homeostasis through equal intake (water taken into the body) and output (water excreted from the body) of fluids

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163
Q

Fontanelles

A

The soft spots in the skull of a newborn and infant where the sutures of the skull have not yet grown together

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164
Q

FIO2

A

Fraction of inspired oxygen

The percentage of oxygen in inhaled air

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165
Q

Gag reflex

A

A normal neural reflex elicited by touching the soft palate or posterior pharynx; the responses are symmetric elevation of the palate, retraction of the tongue, and contraction of the pharyngeal muscles

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166
Q

General senses

A

Sensations monitored throughout the body by receptors scattered throughout many different tissues

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167
Q

Genotype

A

The arrangement of a person’s genes and their characteristics is based on the combination of alleles, for one gene or many

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168
Q

Glaucoma

A

A disease of the eye caused by an increase in intraocular pressure; when severe enough, this may damage the optic nerve and potentially cause permanent loss of vision

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169
Q

Globulins

A

Antibodies made by the liver or lymphatic tissues that make up around 36% of the plasma proteins

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170
Q

Glottis

A

The true vocal cords and the opening between them

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171
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

A process that stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

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172
Q

Glycogen

A

A long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver (animal starch)

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173
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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174
Q

Glycolysis

A

Process by which glucose and other sugars are broken down to yield lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis) or pyruvic acid (aerobic glycolysis); the breakdown releases energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate

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175
Q

Haploid cells

A

Cells that carry genetic instructions via 23 individual chromosomes

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176
Q

Hard palate

A

The anterior portion of the palate that is supported by bone (primarily the maxillary bone)

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177
Q

Hematocrit

A

A measure of the relative percentage of blood cells (mainly erythrocytes) in a given volume of whole blood

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178
Q

Hematopoietic system

A

The blood components and the organs involved in their development and production

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179
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs

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180
Q

Hemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding; involves the steps of blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting

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181
Q

Henry’s law

A

A law of gas that states that the amount of gas in a solution varies directly with the partial pressure of a gas over a solution

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182
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

A specialized part of the venous system that carries blood from the digestive tract to the liver and then to the inferior vena cava

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183
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

A

A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs

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184
Q

Histamine

A

A vasoactive amine found in large amounts in basophils that increases tissue inflammation; increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation

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185
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment; processes that balance the supply and demand of the body’s needs

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186
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

A chromosome of the same numbered pair from the opposite parent

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187
Q

Hormone

A

A substance that is produced in one tissue or organ and is released into the blood and carried to other (target) organs, where it acts to produce a specific response

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188
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure of water against the walls of its container

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189
Q

Hyoid bone

A

A small, horseshoe-shaped bone to which the jaw, tongue, epiglottis, and thyroid cartilage attach

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190
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsighted; the ability to see distant objects with difficulty focusing on objects close

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191
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentration of solute is higher compared with another solution

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192
Q

Hypothalamus

A

An area of the diencephalon that is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system; responsible for control of many body functions, including heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and regulation of the sleep cycle

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193
Q

Hypotonic

A

Concentration of solute is lower compared with another solution

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194
Q

Hypoxic drive

A

A situation in which a person’s stimulus to breathe comes from a decrease in PaO2 rather than the normal stimulus, an increase in PaCO2

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195
Q

Immunity

A

The body’s ability to protect itself from acquiring a disease

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196
Q

Inhalation

A

The active process of moving air into the lungs; also called inspiration; also a route of medication delivery

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197
Q

Inotropic effect

A

The effect on the contractility of muscle tissue, especially cardiac muscle

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198
Q

Insertion

A

A moveable part of the body to which a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint; its action opposed that of an origin

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199
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The additional amount of air that can be inhaled after the normal tidal volume has been reached

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200
Q

Integumentary system

A

The largest organ system in the body, consisting of the skin and accessory structures (eg. hair, nails, glands)

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201
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid located outside of the blood vessels in the spaces between the body’s cells

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202
Q

Interstitial space

A

The space in between the cells

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203
Q

ICF

A

Intracellular fluid

Fluid within the cells in which most of the body’s supply of potassium is contained; accounts for 40%-45% of body weight

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204
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

Fluid outside cells but inside the circulatory system; the majority of it is plasma, which is the fluid component of blood

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205
Q

Ionic bond

A

A chemical bond where oppositely charged ions attract each other

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206
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have become positively or negatively charged, either by giving up or acquiring an electron

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207
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Groups of cells located in the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide

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208
Q

Isotonic solution

A

A solution in which there is an equal concentration of solutes and water on either side of a semipermeable membrane; in this case, water does not shift, and no change in cell shape occurs

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209
Q

Joint capsule

A

A saclike envelope that encloses the cavity of a synovial joint

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210
Q

Kilocalorie

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 33°F (1°C); the amount of energy that can be obtained from the nutrients you eat; also known as a calorie

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211
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands

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212
Q

Lactic acid

A

A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

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213
Q

Larynx

A

A complete structure formed by the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage; also called the voice box

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214
Q

Left anterior descending artery

A

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery that supplies blood to the left ventricle and other areas of the heart

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215
Q

Lens

A

The transparent disc within the eye that refracts light to focus images on the retina

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216
Q

Lipids

A

Fats, fatlike substances (cholesterol and phospholipids), and oils that supply energy for body processes and building of certain structures

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217
Q

Lymph

A

A thin liquid formed from interstitial fluid that flows through the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and aids in immune response and debris removal

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218
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Round or bean-shaped structures interspersed along the course of the lymph vessels, which filter the lymph and serve as a source of lymphocytes

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219
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Unidirectional, thin-walled vessels through which lymph circulates through the body; they travel close to the major veins

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220
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A network of capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs that helps to maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing lymph and transporting it through the body

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221
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that has an important role in immunity

222
Q

Macrophages

A

Large cells, usually derived from monocytes, that are specialized for phagocytosis; they kill pathogens, absorb foreign materials, and slow infections and infectious agents

223
Q

Macula

A

A yellow depression in the retina where acute vision arises; also known as the macula lutea

224
Q

Mast cells

A

Cells located in connective tissues to which antibodies, formed in response to allergens, attach, bursting the cells and releasing chemical mediators in response to an antigen-antibody reaction

225
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, great vessels, part of the esophagus, lymphatic channels, trachea, primary bronchi, and paired vagus and phrenic nerves

226
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Inferior part of the brainstem that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; responsible for maintenance of basic life functions, such as heart rate and breathing

227
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that occurs in the production of eggs and sperm

228
Q

Melanin

A

The pigment that gives skin its color

229
Q

Meninges

A

A set of three tough membranes, the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, that enclose the entire brain and spinal cord

230
Q

Metacarpals

A

The five bones that form the palm and back of the hand

231
Q

Midbrain

A

The most superior portion of the brainstem; it works with the pons to route information from higher within the brain to the spinal cord and vice versa

232
Q

Mineral

A

An inorganic element essential for human metabolism

233
Q

Minute volume

A

The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute minus the dead space; also called minute ventilation

234
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of the chromosomes in a cell nucleus

235
Q

Mitral valve

A

The atrioventricular valve in the heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

236
Q

Monocytes

A

White blood cells that mature in the blood and then travel to the tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages; these function primarily as scavengers for the tissues

237
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The simplest carbohydrate molecule

238
Q

Motor nerve

A

Nerve that carries information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

239
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells that transmit instructions from the central nervous system to the end organs; also known as efferent neurons

240
Q

Mucous membranes

A

The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

241
Q

Mucus

A

The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

242
Q

Murmur

A

An abnormal heart sound, heard as a “whooshing,” indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart

243
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contractile tissue consisting of filaments of actin and myosin, which slide past each other, shortening cells

244
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

245
Q

Myocardium

A

The middle and thickest layer of the heart; it contains the cardiac muscle fibers that cause contraction of the heart, as well as the conduction system and blood supply

246
Q

Myoglobin

A

A pigment synthesized in the muscles to give skeletal muscles their red-brown color

247
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsighted; the ability to see objects close with difficulty seeing objects far away

248
Q

Myosin

A

A contractile protein found in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle cells

249
Q

Nasopharynx

A

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the palate

250
Q

Negative feedback

A

The concept that once the desired effect of a process has been achieved, further action is inhibited until it is needed again; also called feedback inhibition

251
Q

Negative pressure ventilation

A

Drawing of air into the lungs; airflow from a region of higher pressure (outside the body) to a region of lower pressure (the lungs); occurs during normal breathing

252
Q

Neoplasm

A

A mass of tissue produced by abnormal cell growth and division that may be malignant (cancerous) or benign

253
Q

Nephrons

A

The functional (urine-producing) units of the kidneys

254
Q

Nervous system

A

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

255
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Composed of neurons and neuroglia

256
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells that provide a supporting skeleton for neural tissue, isolate and protect the cell membranes of neurons, regulate the composition of interstitial fluid, defend neural tissue from pathogens, and aid in the repair of injury

257
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

258
Q

Neurons

A

The basic nerve cells of the nervous system, containing a nucleus within a cell body and extending one or more processes; they exist in masses to form nervous tissue

259
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released from one nerve that crosses the synaptic cleft to reach a receptor

260
Q

Neutrophils

A

One of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter

261
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A naturally occurring catecholamine that functions as a neurotransmitter and adrenal hormone; it is synthesized by the adrenal medulla, the peripheral sympathetic nerves, and the central nervous system; it is also available as a drug sometimes used in the treatment of severe hypotension; produces vasoconstriction though its alpha-stimulator properties

262
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Large organic molecules, or macromolecules, that carry genetic information or form structures within cells, and include deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

263
Q

Nucleus

A

In the context of a cell, a cellular organelle that contains the genetic information; controls the function and structure of a cell; in the context of an atom, the central portion of an atom that contains protons and neutrons

264
Q

Nutrients

A

Substances that provide nourishment for growth such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

265
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

A simple sugar composed of 2 to 10 monosaccharides

266
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

267
Q

Oocyte

A

Immature female sex cell produced in the ovary that may develop by meiosis into an ovum (egg)

268
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Location where approximately half of the nerve fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain

269
Q

Orbit

A

An eye socket of the skull

270
Q

Organ of Corti

A

The organ that is the primary receptor for sound, and is made up of thousands of individual cilia, each with their own associated nerve

271
Q

Organelles

A

Structures within cells that have specialized functions

272
Q

Origin

A

A relatively immovable part of the body where a skeletal muscle is fastened at a moveable joint; its action opposes that of an insertion

273
Q

Oropharynx

A

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

274
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane

275
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the concentration of the solutes in a given space to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane

276
Q

Ossification

A

The formation of bone by osteoblasts

277
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells involved in the formation of bony tissue

278
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Macrophages of the bone surface that dissolve the matrix and return minerals to the extracellular fluid

279
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

280
Q

Otoliths

A

A pair of fluid-filled sacs within the inner ear that are used by the central nervous system to collect information about movement and orientation in space

281
Q

Oval window

A

The opening between the stapes and inner ear

282
Q

Ovaries

A

Female glands that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs)

283
Q

Oxygenation

A

The process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream

284
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that has oxygen molecules bound to it

285
Q

Palate

A

The roof of the oral cavity; it separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

286
Q

Pancreas

A

An organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin

287
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Muscles attached to the chordae tendineae of the atrioventricular heart valves and the ventricular muscle of the heart

288
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

The sinuses, or hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, which are lined with mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity; the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses

289
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four glands that are embedded in the posterior portion of each lobe of the thyroid; they produce and secrete parathyroid hormone

290
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

Hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands; it maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function

291
Q

Parietal pleura

A

The lining of the pleural cavity attached tightly to the interior of the chest cage

292
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture

293
Q

Pelvis

A

The attachment of the lower extremities to the body, consisting of the sacrum and two pelvic bones

294
Q

Peptide

A

Protein molecule consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

295
Q

Perception

A

Becoming aware of or understanding something using the senses

296
Q

Perfusion

A

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs; also involves the removal of wastes

297
Q

Pericardium

A

A thin, double-layered membrane made up of the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

298
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid within the bony labyrinth that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth while allowing transmission of pressure waves caused by sound

299
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are responsible for communication between the central nervous system and the rest of the body; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

300
Q

Peristalsis

A

The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

301
Q

Peritoneum

A

Double-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs located in the abdominopelvic cavity

302
Q

pH

A

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

303
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A form of endocytosis in which a cell surrounds a foreign particle and engulfs it

304
Q

Phantom pain

A

A sensation of pain in a part of the body that is no longer present

305
Q

Pharynx

A

The area between the nasal cavity and the larynx and posterior to the oral cavity; the throat

306
Q

Phenotype

A

The appearance, health condition, or other characteristics associated with a particular genotype

307
Q

Phospholipid

A

A type of lipid molecule that comprises the cell membrane

308
Q

Physiology

A

The study of processes and functions of the living organism

309
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it rests directly on the brain and spinal cord

310
Q

Pineal gland

A

A gland in the brain that synthesizes and secretes melatonin, a hormone that affects patterns of sleep and wakefulness

311
Q

Pinna

A

A formation of cartilage of the outer ear that protects the ear and collects sounds onto the ear canal, while allowing some perception of the direction from which the sound comes; also called the auricle

312
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A form of endocytosis in which the cell membrane sinks inward and ingests droplets of extracellular fluid

313
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An endocrine gland responsible for directly or indirectly affecting all body functions; also called the hypophysis

314
Q

Plasma

A

A watery, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

315
Q

Plasma cells

A

Cells that produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) to destroy antigens or antigen-containing particles; formed from divided and differentiated B cells

316
Q

Plasmin

A

A naturally occurring enzyme that dissolves the fibrin fibers in blood clots; usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen

317
Q

Platelets

A

Formed elements of the blood that function in blood clotting; also called thrombocytes

318
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity

319
Q

Pleural space

A

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

320
Q

Plexus

A

A cluster of nerve roots that permits peripheral nerve roots to rejoin and function as a group

321
Q

Polarized

A

When a cell is at rest, ions are actively transported into and out of the cell to create an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane

322
Q

Polypeptide

A

Formed from many amino acids bound into a chain; when this has more than 100 molecules, it is considered to be a protein; certain protein molecules have more than one

323
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Complex carbohydrates that contain many simple joined sugar units, such as plant starch; some, such as cellulose, cannot be broken down for nutrition in humans but play important roles in digestion

324
Q

Pons

A

Area of the brainstem that contains the sleep and respiratory centers for the body, which along with the medulla, control breathing

325
Q

PRG

A

Pontine respiratory group

A portion of the pons that communicates information to both the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups; it is thought to smooth the transition between each phase of the ventilatory cycle and alter breathing by making each breath shorter and shallower or longer and deeper, depending on the body’s needs

326
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Smooth muscle located at the entrances to the capillaries; responsive to local tissue needs

327
Q

Preload

A

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole; it is primarily a reflection of venous return (the blood that is returned to the heart)

328
Q

Presbyopia

A

The increased difficulty in focusing on objects that occurs with aging

329
Q

Progesterone

A

A female hormone released from the ovaries that promotes changes in the uterus during the reproductive cycle, affects the mammary glands, and helps regulate gonadotropin secretion

330
Q

Proprioception

A

The awareness of motion and position of a body part

331
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Lipids made from arachidonic acid that usually act more locally than hormones, are very potent, stimulate hormone secretions, and help to regulate blood pressure

332
Q

Proteins

A

Created from amino acids, they include enzymes, plasma proteins, muscle components (actin and myosin), hormones, and antibodies

333
Q

Prothrombin

A

A protein made in the liver and released into the blood where it is converted into thrombin during the process of blood clotting

334
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

One of two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

335
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation

336
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

337
Q

Pulmonic valve

A

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; also called the pulmonary semilunar valve

338
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

339
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

A system of fibers in the ventricles that conducts the excitation impulse from the bundle branches to the myocardium

340
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain that feels as if it is originating from a body part other than the site being stimulated

341
Q

Reflex arc

A

A sensory message that reaches the spinal cord and meets with a motor nerve to cause an action; the reflex action occurs without the message first having to reach the brain to voluntarily cause the action

342
Q

Refracting system

A

A series of transparent structures within the eye that redirect light as it passes through mediums of different densities

343
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

The initial blood-filtering component of the nephron

344
Q

Renal cortex

A

The outer portion of each kidney; it forms renal columns and has tiny tubules associated with the nephrons

345
Q

Renal medulla

A

The inner portion of each kidney; it is made of conical renal pyramids, and has striations

346
Q

Renal pelvis

A

A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney

347
Q

Renal tubule

A

The portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus

348
Q

Renin

A

A hormone produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus when the blood pressure is low

349
Q

Repolarization

A

The process by which ions are moved across the cell membrane to return to a polarized state

350
Q

Reproductive system

A

The system in males and females that controls the reproductive processes via organs and glands that create sex cells and transport them to areas where fertilization can occur

351
Q

Residual volume

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs and airway passages that is unable to be expelled after a maximal forced exhalation

352
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment

353
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Where gas exchange takes place; oxygen is picked up in the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is eliminated through the lungs

354
Q

Respiratory system

A

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts

355
Q

RAS

A

Reticular activating system

Group of specialized neurons in the brainstem; involved in sleep and wake cycles; maintains consciousness

356
Q

Retina

A

The inner layer of the eye wall, including the visual receptors

357
Q

Rh factor

A

An antigen found on the red blood cells of most people; when a woman without this protein is impregnated by a man with this protein, the woman’s body can create antibodies against the protein and attack future pregnancies

358
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Blood vessel that provides oxygenated blood to the right side of the heart muscle

359
Q

Rods

A

One of two photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to light, but does not discriminate colors, producing a picture that is somewhat less focused and essentially black and white

360
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

The point of attachment of the ilium to the sacrum

361
Q

Saddle joint

A

Two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complementary surfaces articulate with each other, such as is the case with the thumb

362
Q

Schwann cells

A

Neuroglial cells in the peripheral nervous system that form a myelin sheath around axons

363
Q

Sclera

A

The white, fibrous outer layer of the eyeball

364
Q

Scrotum

A

A pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue hanging from the lower abdominal region, posterior to the penis

365
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs

366
Q

Semilunar (SL) valves

A

The two valves, the aortic and pulmonic valves, that are shaped like half-moons and separate the heart from the aorta and pulmonary arteries

367
Q

Semipermeable

A

Property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while not allowing others to do so

368
Q

Sensory nerves

A

The nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system

369
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Structures located in the dermis that initiate nerve impulses that can reach one’s conscious awareness

370
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The X and Y chromosomes, which determine sex

371
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

The normal site of the origin of electrical impulses; located high in the right atrium, it is the natural pacemaker of the heart

372
Q

Sinuses

A

Cavities formed by the cranial bones that trap contaminants from entering the respiratory tract and act as tributaries for fluid to and from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts

373
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones and composed of long, threadlike cells that have light and dark striations

374
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

A method of action of muscle contraction involving how sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends

375
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

The mechanism by which the cell brings in two potassium ions and releases three sodium ions

376
Q

Soft palate

A

The posterior portion of the palate that is made up of mucous membrane, muscular fibers, and mucous glands; it is so named because it has no bony support

377
Q

Solute

A

The dissolved particles contained in a solvent

378
Q

Solution

A

A mixture of a solvent and a solute

379
Q

Solvent

A

The fluid that dissolves a solute, or the substance in which a solute is dissolved or mixed

380
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

381
Q

Somatic pain

A

Pain caused by the activation of pain receptors in the body’s superficial tissues, such as the skin, bones, muscles, and joints; in contrast to visceral pain, this is generally more intense and more precisely localized

382
Q

Sphincters

A

Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes; examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels

383
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves that originate from the spinal cord and exit the spine on either side between vertebrae; each has a sensory root and a motor root and is responsible for sending and receiving sensory and motor messages to and from the central nervous system from a portion of the body

384
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells that retain the ability to divide repeatedly without specializing, and that allow for continual growth and renewal

385
Q

Strabismus

A

Loss of perception of depth and overlapping or doubled images

386
Q

Stratum corneum

A

The outermost or dead layer of the skin

387
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

388
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

The space located between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane

389
Q

Suprasternal notch

A

The indentation formed by the superior border of the manubrium and the clavicles, often used as a landmark for procedures such as subclavian vein access; also known as the jugular notch

390
Q

Surfactant

A

A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded; a low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome

391
Q

Sutures

A

Seams that occur only between the bones of the skull; they are a type of fibrous joint

392
Q

Sweat glands

A

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

393
Q

Synapse

A

A functional connection where neurons communicate with other cells

394
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between neurons; also called the synaptic gap

395
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Small sacs that contain neurotransmitters

396
Q

Synovial fluid

A

The fluid secreted by synovial membranes that lubricates synovial joints

397
Q

Synovial joints

A

Complex joints that allow free movement of the component bones and are lubricated with synovial fluid

398
Q

Synovial membrane

A

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

399
Q

Systematic vascular resistance

A

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel

400
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that interact directly with antigens, producing the cellular immune response; they also stimulate the B lymphocytes to produce antibodies; also called T cells

401
Q

Tentorium

A

A horizontal projection of the dura that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

402
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important male sex hormone (androgen)

403
Q

Thalamus

A

Structure of the diencephalon that is the sensory switchboard of the brain, through which almost all signals travel on their way in or out of the brain

404
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The process by which the body maintains temperature through a combination of heat gain by metabolic processes and muscular movement and heat loss through breathing, evaporation, conduction, convection, and perspiration

405
Q

Thoracic duct

A

One of two great lymph vessels; it empties into the superior vena cava

406
Q

Thrombin

A

An enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to a platelet plug, forming a final mature clot

407
Q

Thromboplastin

A

A chemical that stimulates blood clotting

408
Q

Thymus

A

A lymphatic organ located in the thorax that is important in early immunity; it shrinks with age and is eventually replaced by other types of tissue

409
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple

410
Q

Thyroid gland

A

A large endocrine gland that is located at the base of the neck and produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism

411
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult

412
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells that are similar in structure and function

413
Q

Titin

A

A noncontractile protein found in sarcomeres of cardiac and skeletal muscle

414
Q

TBW

A

Total body water

Total amount of fluid in the human body; accounts for about 60% of the weight of a healthy adult male; divided into various compartments

415
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

Fluid classified as extracellular but distinct because it is formed from the transport activities of the cells; examples include cerebrospinal fluid, bladder urine, the aqueous humor, and the synovial fluid of the joints

416
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

The atrioventricular valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

417
Q

Tropomyosin

A

An actin-binding protein that regulates muscle contraction and other actin-related mechanical functions of the body

418
Q

Troponin

A

A regulatory protein in the actin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin

419
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

The process that moves substances from the tubular fluid into the blood, within the peritubular capillary

420
Q

Tubular secretion

A

The process that moves substances from the blood in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule

421
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

The outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue

422
Q

Tunica intima

A

The smooth, thin, inner lining of a blood vessel

423
Q

Tunica media

A

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

424
Q

Ureter

A

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

425
Q

Urethra

A

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

426
Q

Urinary bladder

A

A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

427
Q

Urinary system

A

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine

428
Q

Uterus

A

A muscular, inverted pear-shaped organ that lies situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum

429
Q

Ventilation

A

The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs in two separate phases: inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration)

430
Q

VRG

A

Ventral respiratory group

An area of the medulla oblongata that can cause inspiration or expiration depending on which motor neurons are stimulated

431
Q

Vestibule

A

The structure into which the vagina opens posteriorly, and the female urethra opens into in the midline; also the central part of the labyrinth of the ear, behind the cochlea and in front of the semicircular canals

432
Q

Visceral pain

A

Deep pain caused by activation of pain receptors in internal areas of the body that are enclosed within a cavity, such as the chest, abdomen, or pelvis

433
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Lining of the pleural cavity that adheres tightly to the surface of the lung

434
Q

Vital capacity

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and exhalation

435
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds required for normal metabolism

436
Q

Vitreous humor

A

A jellylike fluid filling the posterior eye cavity that helps the globe maintain its shape without distorting light

437
Q

White matter

A

Bundles of myelinated nerves

438
Q

Acquired immunity

A

The immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader

439
Q

Activation

A

Mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selectins and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively

440
Q

Adhesion

A

The attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells, mediated by selectins and integrins

441
Q

Alcoholic ketoacidosis

A

The metabolic acidotic state that manifests because of the inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse; the liver and body experience inadequate fuel reserves of glycogen and, thus, have to switch to fatty acid metabolism

442
Q

Allergen

A

Any substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction

443
Q

Allergy

A

A hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent (allergen) that is intrinsically harmless

444
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

A severe hypersensitivity reaction that involves bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse

445
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The growth of new blood vessels

446
Q

Antibody

A

A protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visible to the immune system

447
Q

Apoptosis

A

Normal, genetically programmed cell death

448
Q

Asthma

A

A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production

449
Q

Atopic

A

An allergic tendency

450
Q

Atrophy

A

A decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components

451
Q

Autoantibodies

A

Antibodies directed against the person’s own proteins

452
Q

Autoimmunity

A

The production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of a person’s body, producing autoimmune disease or a hypersensitivity reaction

453
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes that are located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes; inheritance of only one copy of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait

454
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes that are located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes; inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait

455
Q

Bradypnea

A

A slow respiratory rate

456
Q

Capillary refill time

A

A test performed on the fingernails or toenails that involves briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return

457
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

A condition caused by loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium; the heart is no longer able to circulate sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen delivery

458
Q

Carpopedal spasm

A

A contorted position of the hand or foot in which the fingers or toes flex in a clawlike manner; may result from hyperventilation or hypocalcemia

459
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

The immune process by which T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and then secrete cytokines (specifically lymphokines) that attract other cells or stimulate the production of cytotoxic cells that kill the infected cells

460
Q

Central shock

A

A type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock

461
Q

Chemotaxins

A

Components of the activated complement system that attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections

462
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators, such as neutrophils, injured tissue, and monocytes

463
Q

Coagulation system

A

The system that forms blood clots in the body and facilitates repairs to the vascular tree

464
Q

Complement system

A

A group of plasma proteins whose function is to do one of three things: attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation, activate leukocytes, and directly destroy cells

465
Q

Cytokines

A

The products of cells that affect the function of other cells

466
Q

Distributive shock

A

The type of shock caused by widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), the capacitance vessels (small venules), or both

467
Q

Dysplasia

A

An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells

468
Q

Edema

A

Swelling caused by excessive fluid trapped in the body tissues

469
Q

Fibrinolysis cascade

A

The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots

470
Q

Free radicals

A

A molecule that is missing one electron in its outer shell

471
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

A three-stage description of the body’s short- and long-term reactions to stress

472
Q

Gram-negative

A

A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria do not retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has cell walls that consist largely of lipids, and have pathogenic qualities that make them especially problematic for humans

473
Q

Gram-positive

A

A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has thick cell walls composed of many layers

474
Q

Hapten

A

A substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but can be combined with an antigen and at a later point initiate an antibody response

475
Q

Helper T cells

A

A type of T lymphocyte that is involved in cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses; it secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells

476
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

An inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas

477
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

A disease characterized by increased destruction of the red blood cells; it can occur from an Rh factor reaction (primarily in Rh-positive neonates born to sensitized Rh-negative mothers), exposure to chemicals, or a disorder of the immune system

478
Q

Hemophilia

A

An inherited sex-linked disorder characterized by excessive bleeding

479
Q

Humoral immunity

A

A type of immunity in which B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies called immunoglobulins which recognize a specific antigen and then react with it

480
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

An elevated blood calcium level

481
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

An elevated blood cholesterol level

482
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

An elevated serum potassium level

483
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

An increased serum magnesium level

484
Q

Hypernatremia

A

A serum sodium level greater than or equal to 143 mEq/L

485
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

An elevated serum phosphate level

486
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue

487
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

A generic term for responses of the body to a substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity

488
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of the cells due to synthesis of more subcellular components, leading to an increase in tissue and organ size

489
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

A decreased serum calcium level

490
Q

Hypokalemia

A

A decreased serum potassium level

491
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

A decreased serum magnesium level

492
Q

Hyponatremia

A

A serum sodium level that is less than or equal to 135 mEq/L

493
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

A condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below that needed to maintain normal cellular functions

494
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

A decreased serum phosphate level

495
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress; it is the mechanism for a set of interactions among glands, hormones, and parts of the midbrain that mediate the general adaptation syndrome

496
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

A condition that occurs when the circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body

497
Q

Immune response

A

The body’s defense reaction to any substance that is recognized as foreign

498
Q

Immune system

A

The body system that includes all of the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents

499
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

An abnormal condition in which some part of the body’s immune system is inadequate, and, consequently, resistance to infectious disease is decreased

500
Q

Immunogen

A

An antigen that is capable of generating an immune response

501
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies secreted by the B cells

502
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases of a disease in a population

503
Q

Inflammatory response

A

A reaction by tissues of the body to irritation or injury, characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat

504
Q

Interferon

A

A protein produced by cells in response to viral invasion that is released into the bloodstream or intercellular fluid to induce healthy cells to manufacture an enzyme that counters the infection

505
Q

Interleukins

A

Chemical substances that attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasions

506
Q

Isoimmunity

A

The formation of antibodies or T cells that are directed against antigens or another person’s cells

507
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

An acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism

508
Q

Ketones

A

Acidic by-products of fat metabolism

509
Q

Killer T cells

A

The cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen-bearing target cells

510
Q

Kinin system

A

A group of polypeptides that mediate inflammatory responses by stimulating visceral smooth muscle and relaxing vascular smooth muscle to produce vasodilation

511
Q

Lactic acidosis

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration due to hypoperfusion of tissues and organs

512
Q

Leukocytosis

A

An elevated white blood cell count, often due to inflammation

513
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Arachidonic acid metabolites that function as chemical mediators of inflammation; also known as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis

514
Q

Lymphokines

A

Cytokines released by lymphocytes, including many of the interleukins, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor beta, and chemokines

515
Q

Margination

A

The loss of fluid from the blood vessels into the tissue, causing the blood left in the vessels to have increased viscosity, which in turn slows the flow of blood and produces stasis

516
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

Molecules that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane, leading to weakened areas in the membrane

517
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause

518
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a metabolic cause

519
Q

Metaplasia

A

A reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

520
Q

Morbidity

A

Number of nonfatally injured or disabled people; usually expressed as a rate, meaning the number of nonfatal injuries in a certain population in a given time period divided by the size of the population

521
Q

Morbid obesity

A

An excessively unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 40 kg/m2

522
Q

Mortality

A

The quality of being mortal; number of deaths from a disease in a given population

523
Q

MODS

A

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

A grave but sometimes reversible condition in an acutely ill patient characterized by the progressive dysfunction of two or more organs or organ systems not affected by the patient’s initial illness or injury

524
Q

Natural immunity

A

A nonspecific cellular and humoral response that operates as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens; also called native immunity

525
Q

Necrosis

A

The death of tissue, usually caused by a cessation of the blood supply

526
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

A type of shock that usually results from spinal cord injury; loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone and vasodilation occur

527
Q

Obesity

A

An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2

528
Q

Obstructive shock

A

The type of shock that occurs when blood flow to the heart or great vessels is obstructed

529
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine output

530
Q

Opsonization

A

The process by which an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells

531
Q

Overweight

A

An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2

532
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of physiology of altered functioning in the presence of disease

533
Q

Pericardial tamponade

A

The impairment of diastolic filling of the right ventricle due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, leading to a decrease in the cardiac output

534
Q

Peripheral shock

A

Shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities; includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock

535
Q

Phagocytes

A

The cells that engulf and consume foreign material such as microorganisms and debris

536
Q

PMNs

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils

The type of white blood cells formed by bone marrow tissue that have a nucleus consisting of several parts or lobes connected by fine strands

537
Q

Polyuria

A

Frequent and plentiful urination

538
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of cases of a disease in a specific population within a given period

539
Q

Pyrogens

A

Chemicals or proteins that travel to the brain and affect the hypothalamus and stimulate a rise in the body’s core temperature

540
Q

Receptor

A

A specialized area in tissue that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation

541
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause

542
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of more than 7.45 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause

543
Q

Septic shock

A

The type of shock that occurs as a result of widespread infection, usually bacterial; untreated, the result is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and often death

544
Q

Serotonin

A

A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation

545
Q

Serum sickness

A

A condition in which antigen-antibody complexes formed in the bloodstream deposit in sites around the body, most notably the kidneys, with resultant inflammatory reactions

546
Q

Transmigration (diapedesis)

A

The polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate through the vessel wall, moving into the interstitial space

547
Q

Urticaria

A

Multiple small, raised areas on the skin that may be one of the warning signs of impending anaphylaxis; also known as hives

548
Q

Vasculitis

A

An inflammation of the blood vessels

549
Q

Vasoactive amines

A

Substances such as histamine and serotonin that increase vascular permeability

550
Q

Virulence

A

A measure of the disease-causing ability of a microorganism

Paramedic Class (12 decks)

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