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Paramedic Class > Vocabulary 29-37 > Flashcards

Vocabulary 29-37 Flashcards

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1
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change in velocity; speeding up

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2
Q

Angle of impact

A

The angle at which an object hits another; this characterizes the force vectors involved and has a bearing on patterns of energy dissipation

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3
Q

Arterial air embolism

A

Air bubbles in the arterial blood vessels

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4
Q

Avulsing

A

A tearing away or forcible separation

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5
Q

Ballistics

A

The study of non-powered objects in flight; most often associated with rifle or handgun bullet travel

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6
Q

Barometric energy

A

The energy that results from sudden changes in pressure as may occur in a diving accident or sudden decompression in an airplane

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7
Q

Biomechanics

A

The study of the physiology and mechanics of a living organism using the tools of mechanical engineering

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8
Q

Blast front

A

The leading edge of the shock wave

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9
Q

Blunt trauma

A

An impact on the body by objects that cause injury without penetrating soft tissues or internal organs and cavities

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10
Q

Brisance

A

The shattering effect of a shock wave and its ability to cause disruption of tissues and structures

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11
Q

Cavitation

A

Cavity formation; shock waves that push tissues in front of and lateral to the projectile and may not necessarily increase the wound size or cause permanent injury but can result in cavitation

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12
Q

Chemical energy

A

The energy released as a result of a chemical reaction

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13
Q

Deceleration

A

A negative acceleration; slowing down

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14
Q

Electrical energy

A

The energy delivered in the form of high voltage

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15
Q

Entrance wound

A

The point at which a penetrating object enters the body

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16
Q

Exit wound

A

The point at which a penetrating object leaves the body, which may or may not be in a straight line from the entry wound

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17
Q

Gravity

A

The acceleration of a body by the attraction of the earth’s gravitational force, normally 32.2 ft/sec2 (or 9.8 m/sec2)

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18
Q

Implosion

A

A bursting inward

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19
Q

Index of suspicion

A

Anticipating the possibility of specific types of injuries

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20
Q

Kinetic energy (KE)

A

The energy associated with bodies in motion, expressed mathematically as half the mass times the square of the velocity

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21
Q

Kinetics

A

The study of the relationship among speed, mass, vector direction, and physical injury

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22
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

The law of physics that states energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only change form

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23
Q

Mechanical energy

A

The energy that results from motion (kinetic energy) or that is stored in an object (potential energy)

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24
Q

MOI

A

Mechanism of Injury

The way in which traumatic injuries occur; the forces that act on the body to cause damage

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25
Q

Missile fragmentation

A

A primary mechanism of tissue disruption from certain rifles in which pieces of the projectile break apart, allowing the pieces to create their own separate paths through tissues

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26
Q

Multisystem trauma

A

Trauma caused by generalized mechanisms which affect numerous body systems

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27
Q

Negative wave pulse

A

The phase of an explosion in which pressure from the blast is less than atmospheric pressure

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28
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

The law of motion that states a body at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an outside force

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29
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

The law of motion that states the force that an object can exert is the product of its mass times its acceleration

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30
Q

Pathway expansion

A

The tissue displacement that occurs as a result of low-displacement shock waves that travel at the speed of sound in tissue

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31
Q

Penetrating trauma

A

Injury caused by objects that pierce the surface of the body, such as knives and bullets, and damage internal tissues and organs

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32
Q

Permanent cavity

A

The path of crushed tissue produced by a missile traversing part of the body

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33
Q

Positive wave pulse

A

The phase of the explosion in which there is a pressure front with a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure

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34
Q

Potential energy

A

The amount of energy stored in an object, the product of mass, gravity, and height, that is converted into kinetic energy and results in injury, such as from a fall

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35
Q

Pulmonary blast injuries

A

Pulmonary trauma resulting from short-range exposure to the detonation of high explosives

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36
Q

RTS

A

Revised Trauma Score

A scoring system used for patients with head trauma

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37
Q

Shearing

A

An applied force or pressure exerted against the surface and layers of the skin as tissues slide in opposite but parallel planes

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38
Q

Thermal energy

A

Energy transferred from sources that are hotter than the body, such as a flame, hot water, and steam

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39
Q

Trauma

A

Acute physiologic and structural change (injury) that occurs in a person’s body as a result of the rapid dissipation of energy delivered by an external source

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40
Q

Trauma lethal triad

A

A combination of hypothermia, coagulopathy (poor blood clotting), and acidosis that is a major contributor to death in patients with severe traumatic bleeding

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41
Q

Trauma score

A

A score that relates to the likelihood of patient survival with the exception of a severe head injury; it is calculated on a scale of 1 to 16, with 16 being the best possible score; it takes into account the GCS score, respiratory rate, respiratory expansion, systolic blood pressure, and capillary refill

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42
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

The eardrum; a thin, semitransparent membrane in the middle ear that transmits sound vibrations to the internal ear by means of the auditory ossicles

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43
Q

Velocity

A

The speed at which an object travels per unit of time, in a specific direction

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44
Q

Waddell triad

A

A pattern of vehicle versus pedestrian injuries in children and people of short stature in which 1) the bumper hits the pelvis and femur, 2) the chest and abdomen hit the grille or low hood, and 3) the head strikes the ground

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45
Q

Whiplash

A

An injury to the cervical vertebrae or its supporting ligaments and muscles, usually resulting from sudden acceleration or deceleration

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46
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood; increasing this pressure can decrease cardiac output

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47
Q

Blood

A

The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries; it consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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48
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the pulse rate per minute

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49
Q

Compensated shock

A

The early stage of shock, in which the body can still compensate for blood loss; the systolic blood pressure and brain perfusion are maintained

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50
Q

Decompensated (hypotensive) shock

A

The late stage of shock, when blood pressure is falling

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51
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)

A

The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts

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52
Q

Exsanguination

A

The loss of the total blood volume, resulting in death

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53
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomited blood

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54
Q

Hematochezia

A

Passage of stools containing bright red blood

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55
Q

Hematocrit

A

The proportion of red blood cells in the total blood volume

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56
Q

Hematoma

A

A mass of blood in the soft tissues beneath the skin; it indicates bleeding into soft tissues and may be the result of a minor or severe injury

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57
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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58
Q

Hemophilia

A

A bleeding disorder that is primarily hereditary, in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently

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59
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughed-up blood

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60
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding

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61
Q

Hemorrhagic shock

A

A condition in which volume is lost in the form of blood

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62
Q

Hemostasis

A

The body’s natural blood-clotting mechanism

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63
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

A condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below that needed to maintain normal cellular functions

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64
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

A condition that occurs when the circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body

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65
Q

Irreversible shock

A

The final stage of shock, prior to death

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66
Q

Melena

A

Passage of dark, tarry stools

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67
Q

Perfusion

A

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, organs, and tissues of the body

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68
Q

Plasma

A

A component of blood, made of 92% water, 6% to 7% proteins, and electrolytes, clotting factors, and glucose

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69
Q

Platelets

A

Small cells in the blood that are essential for clot formation

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70
Q

Preload

A

The precontraction pressure in the heart, which increases as the volume of blood builds up

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71
Q

Shock

A

An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell

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72
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

The amount of blood that the left ventricle ejects into the aorta per contraction

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73
Q

Abrasion

A

An injury in which a portion of the body is denuded of the epidermis by scraping or rubbing

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74
Q

Amputation

A

An injury in which part of the body is completely or partially severed

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75
Q

Avulsion

A

An injury that leaves a piece of skin or other tissue partially or completely torn away from the body

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76
Q

Bandage

A

Material used to secure a dressing in place

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77
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

The factors that cause cells to migrate into an area

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78
Q

Closed wound

A

An injury in which damage occurs beneath the skin or mucous membrane but the surface remains intact

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79
Q

Collagen

A

Protein that gives tensile strength to the connective tissues of the body

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80
Q

Contusion

A

A bruise; an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin but does not break the skin

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81
Q

Degloving

A

A traumatic injury that results in the soft tissue of a part of the body being drawn downward like a glove being removed

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82
Q

Dermis

A

The inner layer of skin, containing hair follicle roots, sweat glands, blood vessels, nerve endings, and sebaceous glands

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83
Q

Desquamation

A

The continual shedding of the dead cells on the surface of the skin

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84
Q

Dressing

A

Material used to directly cover a wound

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85
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Extravasation of blood under the skin to produce a “black-and-blue” mark

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86
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost layer of the skin

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87
Q

Epithelialization

A

The formation of fresh epithelial tissue to heal a wound

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88
Q

Erythema

A

Reddening of the skin

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89
Q

Fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the fascia

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90
Q

Flexor tenosynovitis of the hand

A

A closed-space infection of the hand

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91
Q

Gangrene

A

An infection commonly caused by Clostridium perfringens; the result is tissue destruction and gas production that may lead to death

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92
Q

Granulocytes

A

Cells that contain granules

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93
Q

High-pressure injection injuries

A

Types of injuries that occur when a foreign material is forcefully injected into soft tissue

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94
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment

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95
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

An abnormal scar with excess collagen that does not extend over the wound margins

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96
Q

Incision

A

A wound usually made deliberately, as in surgery; a clean cut, as opposed to a laceration

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97
Q

Integument

A

The skin

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98
Q

Keloid scar

A

An abnormal scar commonly found in people with darkly pigmented skin; it extends over the wound margins

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99
Q

Laceration

A

A wound made by tearing or cutting tissues

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100
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of a lymph channel

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101
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of the muscle, usually caused by infection

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102
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

Death of tissue from bacterial infection, caused by more than one infecting organism- most commonly, Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococci; this condition has a high mortality rate

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103
Q

Neovascularization

A

Development of new blood vessels to aid in healing injured soft tissue

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104
Q

Open wound

A

An injury in which there is a break in the surface of the skin or the mucous membrane, exposing deeper tissue to potential contamination

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105
Q

Paronychia

A

Infection of the area around the fingernail bed

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106
Q

Pedicle

A

A narrow strip of tissue by which an avulsed piece of tissue remains connected to the body

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107
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process in which one cell “eats” or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it

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108
Q

Puncture wound

A

An injury resulting from a piercing object, such as a nail or a knife; also referred to as a penetrating wound

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109
Q

Rabid

A

Describes an animal that is infected with rabies

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110
Q

Scar revision

A

A surgical procedure to improve the appearance of a scar, reestablish function, or correct disfigurement from soft-tissue damage, surgical incision, or lesion

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111
Q

Tension lines

A

The pattern of tautness of the skin, which is arranged over body structures and affects how well wounds heal

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112
Q

Tetanus

A

A disease caused by spores that enter the body through a puncture wound contaminated with animal feces, street dust, or soil or that can enter through contaminated street drugs

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113
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The process by which the body maintains temperature through a combination of heat gain by metabolic processes and muscular movement and heat loss through breathing, evaporation, conduction, convection, and perspiration

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114
Q

Acute radiation syndrome

A

The clinical course that usually begins within hours of exposure to a radiation source; symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and headache; the long-term symptoms are dose related and are hematopoietic and gastrointestinal in nature

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115
Q

Circumferential burn

A

A burn on the neck or chest, which may compress the airway, or on an extremity, which may act like a tourniquet

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116
Q

Coagulation necrosis

A

Cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction

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117
Q

Consensus formula

A

A formula that recommends giving 2-4 mL of lactated Ringer solution for each kilogram of body weight, multiplied by the percentage of total body surface area burned; sometimes used to calculate fluid needs during lengthy transport times; formerly called the Parkland formula

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118
Q

Contact burn

A

A burn produced by touching a hot object

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119
Q

Elastin

A

A protein that gives the skin its elasticity

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120
Q

Escharotomy

A

A surgical cut through the eschar or leathery covering of a burn injury to allow for swelling and minimize the potential for development of compartment syndrome in a circumferentially burned limb or the thorax

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121
Q

Flame burn

A

A thermal burn caused by flames touching the skin

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122
Q

Flash burn

A

An electrothermal injury caused by arcing of electric current

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123
Q

Full-thickness burn

A

A burn that extends through the epidermis and dermis into the subcutaneous tissues beneath; previously called a third-degree burn

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124
Q

Burn shock

A

Also called hypovolemic shock, the shock or hypoperfusion caused by a burn injury and the tremendous loss of fluids; capillaries leak, resulting in intravascular fluid volume oozing out of the circulation and into the interstitial spaces, and cells take in increased amounts of salt and water

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125
Q

Joule’s law

A

A description of the relationship between heat production, current, and resistance

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126
Q

Liquefaction necrosis

A

A form of necrosis that results from the transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass (pus)

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127
Q

Lund-Browder chart

A

A detailed version of the rule of nines chart that takes into consideration the changes in total body surface area that occur with growth

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128
Q

Mucopolysaccharide gel

A

One of the complex materials found, along with collagen fibers and elastin fibers, in the dermis of the skin

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129
Q

Ohm’s law

A

The formula that describes the relationship between voltage and resistance:
current (I) = voltage (V) divided by resistance (R)

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130
Q

Partial-thickness burn

A

A burn that involves the epidermis and part of the dermis, characterized by pain and blistering; previously called a second-degree burn

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131
Q

Rule of nines

A

A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing for calculation of the amount of total body surface area burned

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132
Q

Rule of palms

A

A system that estimates the total body surface area burned by comparing the affected area with the size of the patient’s palm, which is roughly equal to 1% of the patient’s total body surface area; also called rule of ones

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133
Q

Scald burn

A

A burn produced by hot liquids

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134
Q

Steam burn

A

A burn that has been caused by direct exposure to hot steam exhaust, as from a broken pipe

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135
Q

Subglottic

A

Located below the glottic opening, as in the lower airway structures

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136
Q

Superficial burn

A

A burn involving only the epidermis, which produces very red, painful skin; previously called a first-degree burn

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137
Q

Supraglottic

A

Located above the glottic opening, as in the upper airway structures

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138
Q

Thermal burn

A

An injury caused by radiation or direct contact with a heat source on the skin

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139
Q

Zone of coagulation

A

The reddened area surrounding the leathery and sometimes charred tissue that has sustained a full-thickness burn

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140
Q

Zone of hyperemia

A

In a thermal burn, the area that is least affected by the burn injury; an area of increased blood flow where the body is attempting to repair injured but otherwise viable tissue

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141
Q

Zone of stasis

A

The peripheral area surrounding the zone of coagulation that has decreased blood flow and inflammation; it can undergo necrosis within 24 to 48 hours after the injury, particularly if perfusion is compromised due to burn shock

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142
Q

Adnexa

A

The surrounding structures and accessories of an organ; for the eye, these parts include the eyelids, lashes, and lacrimal structures

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143
Q

Alveoli

A

Small pits or cavities, such as the sockets for the teeth

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144
Q

Anterior chamber

A

The anterior area of the globe between the lens and the cornea, which is filled with aqueous humor

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145
Q

Blowout fracture

A

A fracture to the floor of the orbit, usually caused by a blow to the eye

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146
Q

Conjunctiva

A

A thin, transparent membrane that covers the sclera and internal surfaces of the eyelids

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147
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

An inflammation of the conjunctivae that usually is caused by bacteria, viruses, allergies, or foreign bodies; should be considered highly contagious if infectious in origin; also called pinkeye

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148
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent anterior portion of the eye that overlies the iris and pupil

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149
Q

Craniofacial disjunction

A

A Le Fort III fracture that involves a fracture of all of the midfacial bones, which separates the entire midface from the cranium

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150
Q

Crown

A

The part of the tooth that is external to the gum

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151
Q

Cusps

A

Points at the top of a tooth

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152
Q

Dentin

A

The principal mass of the tooth, which is made up of a material that is much denser and stronger than bone

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153
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

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154
Q

Dysconjugate gaze

A

Paralysis of gaze or lack of coordination between the movements of the two eyes

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155
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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156
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed

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157
Q

External ear

A

One of the three anatomic parts of the ear; it contains the pinna, the ear canal, and the external portion of the tympanic membrane

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158
Q

Globe

A

The eyeball

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159
Q

Hard palate

A

The bony anterior part of the palate that forms the roof of the mouth

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160
Q

Hyoid bone

A

A bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles

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161
Q

Hyphema

A

Bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye; results from direct ocular trauma

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162
Q

Inner ear

A

One of the three anatomic parts of the ear; it consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals

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163
Q

Iris

A

The colored portion of the eye

164
Q

Le Fort fractures

A

Maxillary fractures that are classified into three categories based on their anatomic location

165
Q

Malocclusion

A

Misalignment of the teeth

166
Q

Mandible

A

The movable lower jaw bone

167
Q

Mediastinitis

A

Inflammation of the mediastinum, often a result of the gastric contents leaking into the thoracic cavity after esophageal perforation

168
Q

Middle ear

A

One of the three anatomic parts of the ear; it consists of the inner portion of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles

169
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

The third cranial nerve; it innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and upper eyelid

170
Q

Optic nerve

A

Either of the second cranial nerves that enter the eyeball posteriorly, through the optic foramen

171
Q

Orbits

A

Bony cavities in the frontal part of the skull that enclose and protect the eyes

172
Q

Pinna

A

The large outside portion of the ear through which sound waves enter the ear; also called the auricle

173
Q

Pulp

A

Specialized connective tissue within the cavity of a tooth

174
Q

Pupil

A

The circular opening in the center of the eye through which light passes to the lens

175
Q

Retina

A

A delicate 10-layered structure of nervous tissue located in the rear of the interior of the globe; it receives light and generates nerve signals that are transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve

176
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Separation of the inner layers of the retina from the underlying choroid, the vascular membrane that nourishes the retina

177
Q

Sclera

A

The white part of the eye

178
Q

Spinal clearance

A

The act of declaring that a spinal injury is not present

179
Q

Sprain

A

Stretching or tearing of ligaments

180
Q

Strain

A

Stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon

181
Q

Sympathetic eye movement

A

The movement of both eyes in unison

182
Q

TMJ

A

Temporomandibular joint

The joint between the temporal bone and the posterior condyle that allows for movements of the mandible

183
Q

Tracheal transection

A

Traumatic separation of the trachea from the larynx

184
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

A thin membrane that separates the middle ear from the outer ear and sets up vibrations in the ossicles; also called the eardrum

185
Q

Vitreous humor

A

A jellylike substance found in the posterior compartment of the eye between the lens and the retina

186
Q

Anterior cord syndrome

A

A condition that occurs with flexion injuries or fractures, resulting in the displacement of bony fragments into the anterior portion of the spinal cord; findings include paralysis below the level of the insult and loss of pain, temperature, and touch perception

187
Q

Anterograde (posttraumatic) amnesia

A

Loss of memory of events that occurred after the injury

188
Q

Arachnoid

A

The middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord

189
Q

Autonomic dysreflexia

A

A late, life-threatening complication of spinal cord injury in which stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system below the level of injury generates a massive, uninhibited, uncompensated cardiovascular response; also known as autonomic hyperreflexia

190
Q

Autoregulation

A

An increase in mean arterial pressure to compensate for decreased cerebral perfusion pressure; compensatory physiologic response that occurs in an effort to shunt blood to the brain; manifests clinically as hypertension

191
Q

Axon

A

A long, slender extension of a neuron (nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuronal soma

192
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Upward movement of the toes in response to stimulation to the sole of the foot; under normal circumstances, the toes move downward

193
Q

Basilar skull fracture

A

Fracture generally resulting from the extension of a linear fracture into the base of the skull; usually occurs after a diffuse impact to the head (as in a fall or motor vehicle crash) and can be difficult to diagnose, even with radiography

194
Q

Battle sign

A

Bruising over the mastoid bone behind the ear often seen after a basilar skull fracture; also called retroauricular ecchymosis

195
Q

Biot (ataxic) respirations

A

Irregular pattern, rate, and depth of respirations with intermittent periods of apnea; result from increased intracranial pressure

196
Q

Brainstem

A

The midbrain, pons, and medulla

197
Q

Brown-Séquard syndrome

A

A condition associated with penetrating trauma and characterized by hemisection of the spinal cord and complete damage to all spinal tracts on the involved side

198
Q

Cauda equina

A

The location where the spinal cord separates; composed of nerve roots

199
Q

Cauda equina syndrome

A

A neurologic condition caused by compression of the bundle of nerve roots located at the end of the spinal cord

200
Q

Central cord syndrome

A

A condition resulting from hyperextension injuries to the cervical area that damage the dorsal column of the spinal cord; characterized by hemorrhage or edema; findings include greater loss of function in the upper extremities, with variable sensory loss of pain and temperature

201
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

Deep, rapid respirations; similar to Kussmaul, but without an acetone breath odor; commonly seen after brainstem injury

202
Q

Cerebellum

A

The brain region essential in coordinating muscle movements in the body; also called the athlete’s brain

203
Q

Cerebral concussion

A

Injury that occurs when the brain is jarred around in the skull; a mild diffuse brain injury that does not result in structural damage or permanent neurologic impairment

204
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

A focal brain injury in which brain tissue is bruised and damaged in a defined area

205
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The largest portion of the cerebrum; regulates voluntary skeletal movement and a person’s level of awareness- a part of consciousness

206
Q

Cerebral edema

A

Excessive fluid in the brain; swelling of the brain

207
Q

CPP

A

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

The pressure of blood flow through the brain; the difference between the mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure

208
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

209
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest portion of the brain; responsible for higher functions, such as reasoning; divided into right and left hemispheres, or halves

210
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

A gradually increasing rate and depth of respirations followed by a gradual decrease with intermittent periods of apnea; associated with brainstem insult

211
Q

Complete spinal cord injury

A

Total disruption of all spinal cord tracts, with permanent loss of all cord-mediated functions below the level of injury

212
Q

Coup-contrecoup injury

A

Dual impacting of the brain into the skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds

213
Q

Cranial vault

A

The bones that encase and protect the brain: the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones; also called the cranium or skull

214
Q

Critical minimum threshold

A

Minimum cerebral perfusion pressure required to adequately perfuse the brain; 60 mm Hg in the adult

215
Q

Cushing triad

A

Hypertension (with a widening pulse pressure), bradycardia, and irregular respirations; classic trio of findings associated with increased intracranial pressure

216
Q

Decerebrate posturing

A

aka Extensor posturing

Abnormal posture characterized by extension of the arms and legs; indicates pressure on the brainstem

217
Q

Decorticate posturing

A

aka Flexor posturing

Abnormal posture characterized by flexion of the arms and extension of the legs; indicates pressure on the brainstem

218
Q

Depressed skull fracture

A

Fracture caused by high-energy direct trauma applied to a small surface area of the skull with a blunt object (such as a baseball bat striking the head); commonly accompanied by bony fragments driven into the brain, causing further injury

219
Q

Dermatome

A

An area of the body innervated by sensor components of spinal nerves

220
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Diffuse brain injury that is caused by stretching, shearing, or tearing of nerve fibers with consequent axonal damage

221
Q

Diffuse brain injury

A

Any injury that affects the entire brain

222
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost layer of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; the toughest meningeal layer

223
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

An accumulation of blood between the skull and dura

224
Q

Facet joint

A

The joint on which each vertebra articulates with adjacent vertebrae

225
Q

Flexion injury

A

A type of injury that results from forward movement of the head, typically as the result of rapid deceleration, such as in a vehicle crash, or with a direct blow to the occiput

226
Q

Focal brain injury

A

A specific, grossly observable brain injury

227
Q

Frontal lobe

A

The portion of the brain that is important in voluntary motor actions and personality traits

228
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A

The most classic distraction injury, which occurs when a person is hanged by the neck; bending and fractures occur at the C1 to C2 region, which quickly tear the spinal cord

229
Q

Head injury

A

A traumatic insult to the head that may result in injury to the soft tissue of the scalp and bony structures of the head and skull, not including the face

230
Q

Head trauma

A

A general term that includes both head injuries and traumatic brain injuries

231
Q

Herniation

A

A process in which tissue is forced out of its normal position, such as when the brain is forced from the cranial vault, either through the foramen magnum or over the tentorium

232
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

Hyperacute pain to touch

233
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a limb or other body part beyond its usual range of motion

234
Q

Hyperpyrexia

A

A high body temperature

235
Q

Incomplete spinal cord injury

A

Spinal cord injury in which there is some degree of cord-mediated function; initial dysfunction may be temporary and there may be potential for recovery

236
Q

Intracerebral hematoma

A

Bleeding within the brain tissue (parenchyma) itself; also called an intraparenchymal hematoma

237
Q

ICP

A

Intracranial pressure

The pressure within the cranial vault; normally 0 to 15 mm Hg in adults

238
Q

Lamina

A

Posterior arch of the vertebral bone; arises from the posterior pedicles and fuses to form the posterior spinous processes

239
Q

Limbic system

A

Structures within the cerebrum and diencephalon that influence emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure

240
Q

Linear skull fracture

A

A fracture that usually occurs in the temporal-parietal region of the skull; not associated with skull deformity; accounts for 80% of skull fractures; also called nondisplaced skull fracture

241
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

The average (or mean) pressure against the arterial wall during a cardiac cycle

242
Q

Meninges

A

A set of three tough membranes- the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater- that encloses the entire brain and spinal cord

243
Q

Myotome

A

A region of the body innervated by the motor components of spinal nerves

244
Q

Nerve root injury

A

Injury to a nerve at the level of the spinal cord

245
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Shock caused by massive blood vessel dilation and pooling of blood in the peripheral vessels, so that adequate perfusion cannot be maintained

246
Q

Neuronal soma

A

The body of a neuron (nerve cell)

247
Q

Occipital lobe

A

The portion of the brain responsible for processing visual information

248
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system; involved in control of involuntary, vegetative functions; mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

249
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The portion of the brain that receives and evaluates most sensory information, except smell, hearing, and vision

250
Q

Pedicles

A

Thick lateral bony struts that connect the vertebral body with the spinous and transverse processes and make up the lateral and posterior portions of the spinal foramen

251
Q

Periorbital ecchymosis

A

Bruising under or around the orbits that is commonly seen after a basilar skull fracture; also called raccoon eyes

252
Q

Peripheral nerve injury

A

Injury to a nerve anywhere in the body outside the spinal cord

253
Q

Petechial hemorrhage

A

A pinpoint red dot in the sclera of the eye

254
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost and thinnest of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; rests directly on the brain and spinal cord

255
Q

Plexus

A

A cluster of nerve roots that permits peripheral nerve roots to rejoin and function as a group

256
Q

Posterior cord syndrome

A

A condition associated with extension injuries in which there is isolated injury to the dorsal portion of the spinal cord; the condition is characterized by decreased sensation to light touch, proprioception, and vibration; most other motor and sensory functions are unaffected

257
Q

Primary brain injury

A

Injury to the brain and its associated structures that is a direct result of impact to the head

258
Q

Primary spinal cord injury

A

Injury to the spinal cord that is a direct result of trauma (eg, spinal cord transection from penetrating trauma or displacement of ligaments and bone fragments, resulting in cord compression)

259
Q

Proprioception

A

The ability to perceive the position and movement of one’s body or limbs

260
Q

Raccoon eyes

A

Bruising under or around the orbits that is commonly seen after a basilar skull fracture; also called periorbital ecchymosis

261
Q

RAS

A

Reticular activating system

Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

262
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory of events that occurred before the injury

263
Q

Rotation-flexion injury

A

A type of injury typically resulting from high acceleration forces; can result in a stable unilateral facet dislocation in the cervical spine

264
Q

Secondary brain injury

A

The aftereffects of the primary injury; includes abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and infection; onset is often delayed after the primary brain injury

265
Q

Secondary spinal cord injury

A

Injury to the spinal cord, thought to be the result of multiple factors that result in a progression of inflammatory responses from primary spinal cord injury

266
Q

Spinal shock

A

The temporary local neurologic condition that occurs immediately after spinal trauma; spinal cord swelling and edema begin immediately after injury, causing severe pain and possible paralysis

267
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the spinal canal, causing compression of exiting nerve roots and pain radiating into the legs or arms

268
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates

269
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

An accumulation of blood beneath the dura but outside the brain

270
Q

Subgaleal hemorrhage

A

Bleeding between the periosteum of the skull and the galea aponeurosis

271
Q

Subluxation

A

A partial dislocation

272
Q

Supragaleal hematoma

A

Bleeding between the subgaleal area of the skull and the galea aponeurosis

273
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that governs the body’s fight-or-flight reactions by inducing smooth muscle contraction or relaxation of the blood vessels and bronchioles

274
Q

Temporal lobe

A

The portion of the brain that has an important role in hearing and memory

275
Q

Tentorium

A

A structure that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and brainstem

276
Q

TBI

A

Traumatic brain injury

An impairment of brain function caused by an external force that may involve physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes

277
Q

Trismus

A

Clenched teeth as a result of spasm of the jaw muscles

278
Q

Vertebral body

A

Anterior weight-bearing structure in the spine made of cancellous bone and surrounded by a layer of hard, compact bone that provides support and stability

279
Q

Vertical compression

A

A type of injury typically resulting from a direct blow to the crown of the head or rapid deceleration from a fall, with the force moving through the feet, legs, and pelvis, possibly causing a burst fracture or disk herniation

280
Q

Atelectasis

A

Alveolar collapse that prevents use of that portion of the lungs for ventilation and oxygenation

281
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

A condition in which the atria and right ventricle are collapsed by a collection of blood or other fluid within the pericardial sac, resulting in a diminished cardiac output

282
Q

Clavicle

A

An S-shaped bone, also called the collarbone, that articulates medially with the sternum and laterally with the shoulder

283
Q

Commotio cordis

A

An event in which an often-fatal cardiac dysrhythmia is produced by a sudden blow to the thoracic cavity

284
Q

Crepitus

A

A grating sensation made when two pieces of broken bone rub together or subcutaneous emphysema is palpated

285
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket

286
Q

Flail chest

A

An injury that involves two or more adjacent ribs fractured in two or more places, allowing the segment between the fractures to move independently of the rest of the thoracic cage

287
Q

Hemopneumothorax

A

A collection of blood and air in the pleural cavity

288
Q

Hemothorax

A

The collection of blood within the normally closed pleural space

289
Q

JVD

A

Jugular venous distention

A prominence of the jugular veins due to increased volume or increased pressure within the central venous system or the thoracic cavity

290
Q

Myocardial contusion

A

Blunt force injury to the heart that results in capillary damage, interstitial bleeding, and cellular damage in the area

291
Q

Myocardial rupture

A

An acute traumatic perforation of the ventricles, atria, intraventricular septum, intra-atrial septum, chordae, papillary muscles, or valves

292
Q

Needle decompression

A

Also referred to as a needle thoracentesis, this procedure introduces a needle or angiocath into the pleural space in an attempt to relieve a tension pneumothorax

293
Q

Open pneumothorax

A

The result of a defect in the chest wall that allows air to enter the thoracic space

294
Q

Pericardial sac

A

The potential space between the layers of the pericardium

295
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

A procedure in which a needle or angiocath is introduced into the pericardial sac to relieve cardiac tamponade

296
Q

Pneumothorax

A

The collection of air within the normally closed pleural space

297
Q

Pulmonary contusion

A

Injury to the lung parenchyma that results in capillary hemorrhage into the tissue

298
Q

Pulsus paradoxus

A

A drop in the systolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg or more during inspiration; commonly seen in patients with cardiac tamponade or severe asthma

299
Q

Subconjunctival hematoma

A

The collection of blood within the sclera of the eye, presenting as a bright red patch of blood over the sclera but not involving the cornea

300
Q

Subcutaneous emphysema

A

A physical finding of air within the subcutaneous tissue

301
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

A life-threatening collection of air within the pleural space; the volume and pressure have both collapsed the involved lung and caused a shift of the mediastinal structures to the opposite side

302
Q

Thoracic inlet

A

The superior aspect of the thoracic cavity, this ring-like opening is created by the first thoracic vertebra, the first ribs, the clavicles, and the manubrium

303
Q

Traumatic aortic disruption

A

Dissection or rupture of the aorta

304
Q

Traumatic asphyxia

A

A pattern of injuries seen after a severe force is applied to the thorax, forcing blood from the great vessels and back into the head and neck

305
Q

Evisceration

A

Displacement of an organ outside the body

306
Q

Hematuria

A

The presence of blood in the urine

307
Q

Hemoperitoneum

A

The presence of extravasated blood in the peritoneal cavity

308
Q

Kehr sign

A

Left shoulder pain that may indicated a ruptured spleen

309
Q

Mesentery

A

A membranous double fold of tissue in the abdomen that attaches various organs to the body wall

310
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The area in the abdomen encased in the peritoneum; it consists of an upper and a lower part; the upper portion contains the diaphragm, liver, spleen, stomach, gallbladder, and transverse colon; the lower portion contains the small bowel, sigmoid colon, parts of the descending and ascending colon, and the internal reproductive organs (in women)

311
Q

Peritoneum

A

A membrane in the abdomen encasing the liver, spleen, diaphragm, stomach, and transverse colon

312
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

313
Q

Periumbilical

A

Pertaining to the area around the umbilicus

314
Q

Retroperitoneal space

A

The area in the abdomen containing the aorta, vena cava, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and portions of the duodenum and large intestine

315
Q

Somatic pain

A

Localized pain, usually felt deeply, that represents irritation or injury to tissue, causing activation of peripheral nerve tracts

316
Q

Visceral pain

A

Crampy, aching pain deep within the body, the source of which is usually difficult to pinpoint; common with genitourinary problems

317
Q

6 P’s of musculoskeletal assessment

A

Pain, paralysis, paresthesias, pulselessness, pallor, and pressure

318
Q

Anatomic snuffbox

A

The region at the base of the thumb where the scaphoid may be palpated

319
Q

Angulation

A

The presence of an abnormal angle or bend in an extremity

320
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton comprising the upper and lower extremities, and the pelvis and shoulders

321
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints

322
Q

Associated fractures

A

Musculoskeletal injuries that commonly occur together

323
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

Tissue death resulting from the loss of blood supply

324
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

A fracture that occurs when a piece of bone is torn free at the site of attachment of a tendon or ligament

325
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage

326
Q

Boxer’s fracture

A

A fracture of the head of the fifth metacarpal that usually results from striking an object with a clenched fist

327
Q

Buckle fracture

A

A common incomplete fracture in children in which the cortex of the bone fractures from an excessive compression force; also called a torus fracture

328
Q

Buddy splinting

A

Securing an injured digit to an adjacent uninjured one to allow the intact digit to act as a splint

329
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

330
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Trabecular or spongy bone

331
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of the median nerve at the wrist where it passes through the carpal canal, causing numbness and tingling in the hand, and possibly pain

332
Q

Closed fracture

A

A fracture in which the skin is not broken

333
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces

334
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

An increase in tissue pressure in a closed fascial space or compartment that compromises the circulation to the nerves and muscles within the involved compartment

335
Q

Complete fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone is broken into two or more completely separate pieces

336
Q

Crepitus

A

A grating sensation felt when moving the ends of a broken bone

337
Q

Crush syndrome

A

A condition that arises after a body part that has been compressed for a significant period is released, leading to the entry of potassium and other metabolic toxins into the systemic circulation

338
Q

Cubital tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve at the tunnel along the outer edge of the elbow, causing numbness, tingling, and possible partial loss of function of the little finger and medial aspect of the ring finger

339
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis

The formation of a blood clot within the larger veins of an extremity, typically following a period of prolonged stabilization

340
Q

Depression fracture

A

A fracture in which the broken region of the bone is pushed deeper into the body than the remaining intact bone

341
Q

Devascularization

A

The loss of blood to a part of the body

342
Q

Diastasis

A

An increase in the distance between the two sides of a joint

343
Q

Dislocation

A

The displacement of a bone from its normal position within a joint

344
Q

Displaced fracture

A

A break in which the ends of the fractured bone move out of their normal positions

345
Q

Distraction injury

A

An injury that results from a force that tries to increase the length of a body part or separate one body part from another

346
Q

Dorsiflex

A

To bend the foot or hand backward

347
Q

Fascia

A

A strong, fibrous membrane that covers, supports, and separates muscles

348
Q

Fatigue fracture

A

A fracture that results from multiple compressive loads

349
Q

Femoral shaft fracture

A

A break in the diaphysis of the femur

350
Q

Fracture

A

A break or rupture in the bone

351
Q

Glenoid fossa

A

The socket in the scapula in which the head of the humerus rotates

352
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

The process by which the kidneys filter the blood, removing excess wastes and fluids

353
Q

Gout

A

A painful disorder characterized by the crystallization of uric acid within a joint

354
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

A type of fracture occurring most frequently in children in which there is incomplete breakage of the bone

355
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

An abnormally elevated level of potassium in the blood

356
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

An abnormally elevated serum phosphate; often associated with decreased calcium; normal phosphate levels are between 0.81 and 1.45 mmol/L

357
Q

Hyperuricemia

A

High levels of uric acid in the blood

358
Q

Impacted fracture

A

A broken bone in which the cortices of one bone become wedged into another bone, as could be the case in a fall from a significant height

359
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone does not fully break

360
Q

Indirect injury

A

An injury that results from a force that is applied to one region of the body but leads to an injury in another area

361
Q

Intertrochanteric fracture

A

A fracture that occurs in the region between the lesser and greater trochanters

362
Q

Lateral compression

A

A force that is directed from the side toward the midline of the body

363
Q

Linear fracture

A

A fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of a bone

364
Q

Luxation

A

A compete dislocation

365
Q

Mallet finger

A

An avulsion fracture of the extensor tendon of the distal phalanx caused by jamming a finger into an object

366
Q

Myalgia

A

Muscle pain

367
Q

Neurovascular compromise

A

The loss of the nerve supply, blood supply, or both to a region of the body, typically distal to a site of injury; characterized by alterations in sensation

368
Q

Nondisplaced fracture

A

A break in which the bone remains aligned in its normal position

369
Q

Nursemaid’s elbow

A

The subluxation of the radial head that often results from pulling on an outstretched arm

370
Q

Oblique fracture

A

A fracture that travels diagonally from one side of the bone to the other

371
Q

Olecranon

A

The proximal bony projection of the ulna at the elbow; the part of the ulna that constitutes the “funny bone”

372
Q

Open-book pelvic fracture

A

A life-threatening fracture of the pelvis caused by a force that displaces one or both sides of the pelvis laterally and posteriorly

373
Q

Open fracture

A

Any break in a bone in which the overlying skin has been damaged

374
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

The degeneration of a joint surface caused by wear and tear that leads to pain and stiffness

375
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures

376
Q

Overriding

A

The overlap of a bone that occurs from the muscle spasm that follows a fracture, leading to a decrease in the length of the bone

377
Q

Paresthesia

A

An abnormal sensation such as burning, numbness, or tingling

378
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

A fracture that occurs in an area of abnormally weakened bone

379
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

The shoulder girdle

380
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

The large bone that arises in the area of the last nine vertebrae and sweeps around to from a complete ring

381
Q

Plantarflex

A

To bend the foot toward the ground

382
Q

Point tenderness

A

The tenderness that is sharply localized at the site of the injury, found by gently palpating along the bone with the tip of one finger

383
Q

Polyneuropathy

A

A type of disorder in which multiple nerves become dysfunctional

384
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Obstruction of a pulmonary artery or arteries by solid, liquid, or gaseous material swept through the right side of the heart into the lungs

385
Q

Range of motion (ROM)

A

The arc of movement of an extremity at a joint in a particular direction

386
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

The destruction of muscle tissue leading to a release of potassium and myoglobin

387
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

An inflammatory disorder that affects the entire body and leads to degeneration and deformation of joints

388
Q

Scaphoid

A

The wrist bone that is found just beyond the most distal portion of the radius

389
Q

Segmental fracture

A

A bone that is broken in more than one place

390
Q

Septic arthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint based on a bacterial or fungal infection

391
Q

Silver fork deformity

A

The dorsal deformity of the forearm that results from a Colles fracture

392
Q

Spiral fracture

A

A break in a bone that appears like a spring on a radiograph

393
Q

Straddle fracture

A

A fracture of the pelvis that results from landing on the perineal region

394
Q

Stress fracture

A

A fracture that results from exaggerated stress on the bone caused by unusually rapid muscle development

395
Q

Supracondylar fracture

A

A fracture of the distal humerus that occurs just proximal to the elbow

396
Q

Talus

A

The bone of the foot that articulates with the tibia

397
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon that most commonly results from overuse

398
Q

Thompson test

A

Squeezing of the calf muscle to evaluate for plantar flexion of the foot to determine whether the Achilles tendon is intact

399
Q

Thromboembolic disease

A

The condition in which a patient has a deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism

400
Q

Torus fracture

A

A common incomplete fracture in children in which the cortex of the bone fractures from an excessive compression force; also called a buckle fracture

401
Q

Transverse fracture

A

A fracture that runs in a straight line from one edge of the bone to the other and that is perpendicular to each edge

402
Q

Twisting injury

A

An injury that commonly occurs during athletic activities in which an extremity rotates around a planted foot or hand

403
Q

Vertical shear

A

The type of pelvic fracture that occurs when a massive force displaces the pelvis superiorly

404
Q

Volar

A

Pertaining to the palm or sole; referring to the flexor surfaces of the forearm, wrist, or hand

405
Q

Volkmann ischemic contracture

A

Contraction of the fingers and sometimes the wrist following severe injury around the elbow joint; characterized by loss of muscular power and rapid onset of death and resultant contracture of the forearm musculature

Paramedic Class (12 decks)

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