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Pathology and MuscSkel > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than muscle generates

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2
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

tension remains unchanged and hte muscle’s length changes

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3
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

The length of the muscle doesnt change

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4
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles or muscle resistance to passie stretch during resting state

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5
Q

What is the prime mover/agonist?

A

often considered as functional muscle group

responsible for initiation and execurtion of a specific action at a joint

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6
Q

What is hte antagonist?

A

oppose or reverse action of primary mover

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7
Q

What is the synergist mover?

A

assist the primary mover in its acctios

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8
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

skeletal muscle function usually includes pairs of muscles; depending on muscle function one of the pair muscle work as the agonist muscle and other antagonistic muscle;
Ia-mediated reciprocal inhibition contributes to antagonist suppression during movement

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9
Q

What is electromyography?

A

depolarization in a motor unit creates an eletrical potential called motor unit action potential; measure nerve conduction

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10
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

transparent cartilage, type II collagen, chondrotin sulfate

in larynx trachea bronchus

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11
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage in the articulate joints

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12
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

yellow cartilage in outer ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis; principle protein is elastin and collagen fibers

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13
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

mix of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions; type I + type II cartilage

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14
Q

What is chondrocyte?

A

only cells found in cartilage; secrete and degrade matriz

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15
Q

What are aggrecans?

A

cartilage-specific proteoglycan core proteins; encoded protein is an integral part of extracelular matrix, protein modiefied with carbohydrates

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16
Q

What is lacunae?

A

situated between lamellae, small space containing osteocyte

canniculi connect

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17
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage of developing bone

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18
Q

What is appositional bne growth?

A

growth in diameter around disphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath periosteum and thickening of cartilage occurs

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19
Q

What is intersitial growth?

A

cell division of chondrocytes and further secretion of ECM

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20
Q

What is the territorial matrix?

A

matrix near isogenous groups of chrondrocytes contains larger amount of glycosaminoglycans; basophilic

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21
Q

What is interterritorial matriz?

A

remainder of matrix, not basophilic; non-territorial matrix

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22
Q

What is hydroxylapatite?

A

naturally occuring mineral form of calcium calcium apatite;

main mineral of bone

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23
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Unmineralized, organic portion of bone matrix that forms prior to maturation of bone tissue

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24
Q

What is woven bone?

A

haphazard organization of collagen fibers and is mechanically weak

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25
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

bone with regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets and is mechanically strogn

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26
Q

What is ruffle border?

A

active of bone resorption, the osteoclast forms a specialized cell membrane; “ruffled border” extensively folded or ruffled border, facilitates bone removal

27
Q

What is haversian and volkmann canals?

A

series of tubes around narrow channels

volkmann canals are inside osteon; run at botuse angle to haversian canals transmite blood veessels

28
Q

What are bisphosphonates?

A

class of drugs that prevent loss of bbone mass; tx osteoporosis; inhibition digestion of bone by encouragin osteoclasts to undergo apoptosis

29
Q

What are selective estrogen receptor modulators? (SERMs)

A

A class of compounds that act on estrogen receptor; inhibit or stimulate estrogen like action

30
Q

What is osteoprotegerin?

A

decoy receptor for RANKL it inhibits NFkB

31
Q

What is osteitis fibrosa cystica?

A

hyperparathyroidism causing a skeletal problem; causes moth eaten appearance; overacive osteoclasts

32
Q

What is the role of callus?

A

healing formation of collagen and cartilage

33
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Used to cause formation of bone

34
Q

What is sclerosteosis?

A

Severe, progressive, autosomal recessive dysplasia; thickend scelrotic bones

35
Q

What are the roles of osteoclasts?

A

macrophage/hematopoetic cells that are involved in resorbing bone

36
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

cancellous bone, synonymous with spongy; osseous tissue that form bone
higher surface area to mass ratio

37
Q

What is the role of bone remodeling?

A

turnover of bone

38
Q

What is an osteoblastoma?

A

uncommon tissue forming primary neoplasm; two types iincluding giant cell osteoma

39
Q

What is sclerosteosis?

A

Severe, progressive, autosomal recessive dysplasia; thickend scelrotic bones

40
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

lack of bone growth and high turn over leading to weakened bone

41
Q

What is paget disease?

A

increase unorganized bone grwoth leading to large amounts of woven bone

42
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Softening of bone often cause a vitamin D; occuring in adults

43
Q

What is a non-ossifying fibroma?

A

common developmental cortical defect; eccentric, lytic,
most common space-occupying lesion of bone: 1 in 4 individuals
peripheral sclerosis
Incidental finding or pahtological fracture

44
Q

What is fibrosis dysplasia??

A

Developmental arrest of bone

monostatic: most common, seen in adolescents
ribs mandible and femur

Polyostotic
infancy/childhoood, cripling deformities

45
Q

What is mccune albright syndrome?

A

polyostotic FD with endocrinopathies and cafe au lait
rare form
activating germline mutations of GNA resulting in cAMP excxess and endocrine hyperfunction

46
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

cancer of plasma cells, abnormal plasma cells accumulate in bone marrow resulting in bone lesions

47
Q

What is a brown tumor of hyperthyroidism?

A

bone lesion that arises in setting of excess osteoclast activity due to hyperparathyroidism

48
Q

What is the role of anuerysmal bone cyst?

A 
eccentric solitary expansile lesion
mostly <20 years
swelling, pain or tenderness
metaphyseal region of long bones
cysts filled with blood
49
Q

What is fibrosis dysplasia??

A

Developmental arrest of bone

monostatic: most common, seen in adolescents
ribs mandible and femur

Polyostotic
infancy/childhoood, cripling deformities

50
Q

What is desmoid fibromatosis?

A

tendonlike, well-differentiated agressive fibromatosis; marked cellularity
starry night histology

51
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

cancer of plasma cells

52
Q

What is unicameral bone cyst?

A 
solitary cyst
benign
metaphyseal region of long bone
usually proximal femur or humerus
bone cortex is eroded by cyst; elicits secondary periosteal new bone formation

pathology: cyst filled with clear fluid and lined with thin fibrous membrane

53
Q

What is the role of anuerysmal bone cyst?

A 
eccentric solitary expansile lesion
mostly <20 years
swelling, pain or tenderness
metaphyseal region of long bones
cysts filled with blood
54
Q

What is enchondroma?

A

usually asymtomatic incidental finding; benign hyaline cartilage lesion

55
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

bone formation; STFM form a cartilage model of the bone, under influence of Indian Hedgehog;
chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and secrete type X collagen;
coolar of bone is formed and become Diaphysis

56
Q

What is a scleratome?

A

Skeletal Tissue Forming Mesenchym originates from scleratome tissue of somitesin trunk and somatic mesoderm

57
Q

What is the ectomesenchyme?

A

the neurocrest in the head, skeletal elements form

58
Q

What is the somatic mesoderm?

A

helps form skeletal tissue forming mesenchyme in trunk

59
Q

What is a ossification center?

A

Are areas of a bone primordia in which the ossification process begins

60
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

bone formation; STFM form a cartilage model of the bone, under influence of Indian Hedgehog;
chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and secrete type X collagen;
coolar of bone is formed and become Diaphysis

61
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

bone form directly froma preskeltal conesnation that resembles membrane of mesenchymal cells

62
Q

What is a rotator cuff injury?

A

Either a tear or impingement or tendonitis of the four rotator cuff muscles

63
Q

What is acromioclavicular injuries?

A

a sprain to the acromioclavicular joint, also a seperated shoulder

Pathology and MuscSkel (15 decks)

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