Vocabulary Flashcards
What is eccentric contraction?
muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than muscle generates
What is isotonic contraction?
tension remains unchanged and hte muscle’s length changes
What is isometric contraction?
The length of the muscle doesnt change
What is muscle tone?
continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles or muscle resistance to passie stretch during resting state
What is the prime mover/agonist?
often considered as functional muscle group
responsible for initiation and execurtion of a specific action at a joint
What is hte antagonist?
oppose or reverse action of primary mover
What is the synergist mover?
assist the primary mover in its acctios
What is reciprocal inhibition?
skeletal muscle function usually includes pairs of muscles; depending on muscle function one of the pair muscle work as the agonist muscle and other antagonistic muscle;
Ia-mediated reciprocal inhibition contributes to antagonist suppression during movement
What is electromyography?
depolarization in a motor unit creates an eletrical potential called motor unit action potential; measure nerve conduction
What is hyaline cartilage?
transparent cartilage, type II collagen, chondrotin sulfate
in larynx trachea bronchus
What is articular cartilage?
hyaline cartilage in the articulate joints
What is elastic cartilage?
yellow cartilage in outer ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis; principle protein is elastin and collagen fibers
What is fibrocartilage?
mix of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions; type I + type II cartilage
What is chondrocyte?
only cells found in cartilage; secrete and degrade matriz
What are aggrecans?
cartilage-specific proteoglycan core proteins; encoded protein is an integral part of extracelular matrix, protein modiefied with carbohydrates
What is lacunae?
situated between lamellae, small space containing osteocyte
canniculi connect
What is perichondrium?
layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage of developing bone
What is appositional bne growth?
growth in diameter around disphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath periosteum and thickening of cartilage occurs
What is intersitial growth?
cell division of chondrocytes and further secretion of ECM
What is the territorial matrix?
matrix near isogenous groups of chrondrocytes contains larger amount of glycosaminoglycans; basophilic
What is interterritorial matriz?
remainder of matrix, not basophilic; non-territorial matrix
What is hydroxylapatite?
naturally occuring mineral form of calcium calcium apatite;
main mineral of bone
What is osteoid?
Unmineralized, organic portion of bone matrix that forms prior to maturation of bone tissue
What is woven bone?
haphazard organization of collagen fibers and is mechanically weak
What is lamellar bone?
bone with regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets and is mechanically strogn
What is ruffle border?
active of bone resorption, the osteoclast forms a specialized cell membrane; “ruffled border” extensively folded or ruffled border, facilitates bone removal
What is haversian and volkmann canals?
series of tubes around narrow channels
volkmann canals are inside osteon; run at botuse angle to haversian canals transmite blood veessels
What are bisphosphonates?
class of drugs that prevent loss of bbone mass; tx osteoporosis; inhibition digestion of bone by encouragin osteoclasts to undergo apoptosis
What are selective estrogen receptor modulators? (SERMs)
A class of compounds that act on estrogen receptor; inhibit or stimulate estrogen like action
What is osteoprotegerin?
decoy receptor for RANKL it inhibits NFkB
What is osteitis fibrosa cystica?
hyperparathyroidism causing a skeletal problem; causes moth eaten appearance; overacive osteoclasts
What is the role of callus?
healing formation of collagen and cartilage
What are osteoblasts?
Used to cause formation of bone
What is sclerosteosis?
Severe, progressive, autosomal recessive dysplasia; thickend scelrotic bones
What are the roles of osteoclasts?
macrophage/hematopoetic cells that are involved in resorbing bone
What is trabecular bone?
cancellous bone, synonymous with spongy; osseous tissue that form bone
higher surface area to mass ratio
What is the role of bone remodeling?
turnover of bone
What is an osteoblastoma?
uncommon tissue forming primary neoplasm; two types iincluding giant cell osteoma
What is sclerosteosis?
Severe, progressive, autosomal recessive dysplasia; thickend scelrotic bones
What is osteoporosis?
lack of bone growth and high turn over leading to weakened bone
What is paget disease?
increase unorganized bone grwoth leading to large amounts of woven bone
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bone often cause a vitamin D; occuring in adults
What is a non-ossifying fibroma?
common developmental cortical defect; eccentric, lytic,
most common space-occupying lesion of bone: 1 in 4 individuals
peripheral sclerosis
Incidental finding or pahtological fracture
What is fibrosis dysplasia??
Developmental arrest of bone
monostatic: most common, seen in adolescents
ribs mandible and femur
Polyostotic
infancy/childhoood, cripling deformities
What is mccune albright syndrome?
polyostotic FD with endocrinopathies and cafe au lait
rare form
activating germline mutations of GNA resulting in cAMP excxess and endocrine hyperfunction
What is multiple myeloma?
cancer of plasma cells, abnormal plasma cells accumulate in bone marrow resulting in bone lesions
What is a brown tumor of hyperthyroidism?
bone lesion that arises in setting of excess osteoclast activity due to hyperparathyroidism
What is the role of anuerysmal bone cyst?
eccentric solitary expansile lesion mostly <20 years swelling, pain or tenderness metaphyseal region of long bones cysts filled with blood
What is fibrosis dysplasia??
Developmental arrest of bone
monostatic: most common, seen in adolescents
ribs mandible and femur
Polyostotic
infancy/childhoood, cripling deformities
What is desmoid fibromatosis?
tendonlike, well-differentiated agressive fibromatosis; marked cellularity
starry night histology
What is multiple myeloma?
cancer of plasma cells
What is unicameral bone cyst?
solitary cyst benign metaphyseal region of long bone usually proximal femur or humerus bone cortex is eroded by cyst; elicits secondary periosteal new bone formation
pathology: cyst filled with clear fluid and lined with thin fibrous membrane
What is the role of anuerysmal bone cyst?
eccentric solitary expansile lesion mostly <20 years swelling, pain or tenderness metaphyseal region of long bones cysts filled with blood
What is enchondroma?
usually asymtomatic incidental finding; benign hyaline cartilage lesion
What is endochondral ossification?
bone formation; STFM form a cartilage model of the bone, under influence of Indian Hedgehog;
chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and secrete type X collagen;
coolar of bone is formed and become Diaphysis
What is a scleratome?
Skeletal Tissue Forming Mesenchym originates from scleratome tissue of somitesin trunk and somatic mesoderm
What is the ectomesenchyme?
the neurocrest in the head, skeletal elements form
What is the somatic mesoderm?
helps form skeletal tissue forming mesenchyme in trunk
What is a ossification center?
Are areas of a bone primordia in which the ossification process begins
What is endochondral ossification?
bone formation; STFM form a cartilage model of the bone, under influence of Indian Hedgehog;
chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and secrete type X collagen;
coolar of bone is formed and become Diaphysis
What is intramembranous ossification?
bone form directly froma preskeltal conesnation that resembles membrane of mesenchymal cells
What is a rotator cuff injury?
Either a tear or impingement or tendonitis of the four rotator cuff muscles
What is acromioclavicular injuries?
a sprain to the acromioclavicular joint, also a seperated shoulder
