Neoplasia and Tumor Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does neoplasia mean?

A

new growth; abnormal mass of tissue, the growth which exceeds and isn’t coordinated with normal tissue

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2
Q

What is tumor?

A

swelling; often used interchangeable with neoplasia

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3
Q

What are the properties of a benign tumor?

A
-oma
usually resemble normal tissue
-slow growth rate
-non-invasive, encapsulated
-do not metastasize
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4
Q

What are the properties of a malignant (cancer)?

A
  • carcinomas or sarcomas
  • vary from resembling normal tissue to extremely different
  • variable growth rate
  • usually invasive
  • capable of metastasizing
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5
Q

What are the properties of tumors arising from epithelial cells?

A
  • arise from ecto- or endoderm
  • squamous. glandular/ductal, respiratory, and transitional epithelium, liver cells, and basal cells of skin
  • may be benign or malignant(carcinoma)
  • further classified based on architecture (papillary or villous)
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6
Q

What are the properties of mesenchymal cell of origin?

A
  • arise from mesoderm
  • fibroblasts, adipocytes, smooth/skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage, blood vessels
  • may be benign or maliginant (sarcoma)
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7
Q

What are the properties of hematolymmpoid tumors?

A

always malignant; can be lymphomas, leukemias etc

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8
Q

Lipoma is an example of what?

A

benign mesenchymal tumor

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9
Q

A ovarian mucinous cystadenoma is an example of what?

A
an adenoma (glandular epithelium)
benign epithelial tumor
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10
Q

What is the leiomyoma an example of?

A

benign mesenchymal tumor

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11
Q

What is a hemangioma an example of?

A

benign mesenchymal tumor

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12
Q

What is a pleomorphic adenoma an example of?

A

benign mixed tumor with both epithelial and mesenchymal components

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13
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

predominantly benign tumors

composed of tissue derived from multiple germ layers-totipotent cells

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14
Q

What is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma an example of?

A

malignant epithelial tumor

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15
Q

What is prostatic adenocarcinoma of?

A

malignant epithelial tumor

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16
Q

What is urethial carcinoma an example of?

A

malignant epithelial tumors

17
Q

What is an osteosarcoma of?

A

malignant mesenchymal tumro

18
Q

What is carinosarcoma of endometrium (MMMT) an example of?

A

mixed malignant tumor

19
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Tumor like cndition; mass of disorganized, mature tissue which is specific to site of development. Represent anomalous development

20
Q

What is a choriostoma?

A

tumor like condition; ectopic tissue ina foreign location

21
Q

What is differentiation/grade?

A

extent to which tumor cells morphologically and functionally resemble the normal tissue counterpart

22
Q

What is anaplastic mean?

A

complete lack of differentiation

23
Q

What are some properties of a well differentiated tumor?

A

close resemblence to normal; evidence of maturation/fucntion for example squamous cell carcinoma

24
Q

What are some properties of anaplasia?

A
Pleomorphism both cellular and nuclear
hyperchromatic nuclei
high N/C ratios
coarsely clumped chromatin
large nucleoli
atypicla bizzare mitoses
loss of polarity
tumor giant cell
25
What is carcinoma in situ (CIS)?
pre-invasive lesion frequently seen in proximity to invasive tumor malignant cells don't penetrate beyond basement membrane full thickness dyplasia
26
What is ysplasia?
disordered growth of epithelium | characterized by loss of polariy; loss of maturation; loss of architecture/organization, abnormal located mioses
27
Hematogenous metastisis is the most common way for what cancer to spread?
sarcomas, usually though veins instead of arteries | portal, venal caval,, and paravertebral plexus are most common
28
What are properties of metastatic spread by lymphatics?
most common pathway for carcinoma spread rarer events with sarcomas LN inolvment predictable based on drainage
29
What is the stage system?
TNM; Tumor size Nodal involvment Metastasis
30
What is host reaction to cancer?
``` local effects hematologic abnoralities -anemia -hypercoagulability cachexia paraneoplastic syndromes ```
31
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
10% of cancer patients' non-horomonal or horomonal effects of a tumor unrelated to local spread or metastasis
32
What is the exogenous pathway for tumor presentation to T cells?
class II; APC capture tumor proteins shed from dying cells; process and present the peptide
33
What is the endogenous pathway for presenting tumor proteins to T cells?
Tumor cells themselves can process cytoplasmic proteins into peptides taht get presentedg by MHC class I
34
What are the three appraoches to cancer immuntherapy??
monoclonal antibodies adoptive cellular immunotherapy vaccines
35
What are CTLA4 blocking antibodies used to treat?
first immune checkpoint target in an effort to treat cancer; neutralizing CTLA4 used to treat advanced melanoma immune related adverse events in 60% of patients
36
What is PD1 blocking antibody used for?
in early phase clinical trial 20-30% of pts experience tumor regressions, fewer toxicities than CTLA4
37
What is a potential limitation of tumor antigen monoclonal antibodies?
mutation or down-modulation of tumor antigens
38
What are TILs?
tumo infiltrating lymphocytes that can be expanded in culture and given back in large numbers of highly activated T cells