FPP Flashcards
What are the extrinsic etiologies?
infectious iatrogenic (induce by medical care) nutritional toxic physical
What is a frozen section?
performed while patient is in surgery under anestheisa; snap frozen so its easy to take a very thin section
What is a permanent section?
Taken and perforemd over night
What is hypertrophy?
occurs most often in permanent cells, increase in size cells to compensate for stress
What is hyerplasia?
increase in cell number
What is metaplasia?
A reversible change in cell type due to stress; may be associated with risk of cancer
What metaplasia occurs in smokers that predisposes them to cancer?
Conversion of columnar ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea to squamous epithelial cells
What are the distinct differences between neccrosis and apoptosis?
necrosis incites inflammation, disrupt plasma membrane, enlarges
apoptosis doesn’t do any of that
Reversible cell injury includes what?
cell swelling, and fatty change
Cell sweling occurs why in cell injury?
failure of cell pumps resulting in blebbing and some disruption of membrane of vacuoles
Irreversible injury of cell includes what?
nuclear shrinkage, break down of plasma and organelle membrane, eosinophilia
What are the types of tissue necrosis?
coagulative lquefactive caseous gangrenous fat necrosis fibrinoid necrosis
What causes coagulative necrosis?
hypoxic or anoxic injury due to ischemia in solid organs exxcept for CNS
What is liquefactive necrosis and what causes it?
commonly seen with bacterial and fungal infections; and brain infarct
complete digestion of dead cells
Caseous necrosis caused by what?
resembles cheese
caused by TB or some fungal infections
What is gangrenous necrosis?
not a specific necrosis but a term sed for ischemic coagulative necrosis of extremity.
Dry - no infection
wet- superimposed infection
Fat necrosis is what anc caused by what?
seen in pancreas in acute pancreatitis or due to trama to fatty tissue releasing lipasis leading to chalky white appearance due to saponification
fibrinoid necrosis is what?
deposit of immune complexes in vascular wall; occurs in vasculitis syndromes
Mitochondrial injury leads to cellular injury in what ways?
depleted ATP
possible release of cyt C
less protein production
lower pH due to lactic acid
Ischemia vs hypoxia, hat are the differences?
hypoxia only lack of oxygen
ischemia locking of blood
ischemia is worse bc blood allows for ridding of toxins and nutrients to come to the damage
How does reperfusion cause injury?
increase free radical generation
increased leukocytes, plasma proteins, and complement bring inflammatory responses
What ar ethe two mechanisms that chemical toxic injury occurs?
direct toxin binds to cellular organelle or molecular mponent
others are metabolized and the metabolite causes the injry
What is lipofuscin?
indigestible material resulting from lipid peroxidation accumulates in cells
Why does smooth endoplasmic reticulum hypertrophy occur?
stress response to alcohol or barbituates
What is dystrophic calcification?
non viable damaged tissue with normal serum caclium gets calcium deposistion
white gritty deposit
ie atheromas, aortic vales in eldely, old TB
What is metastatic calcification?
Dur to high calcium serum levels resulting in calcium deposition
