FPP

Question 1

What are the extrinsic etiologies?

Answer 1

infectious
iatrogenic (induce by medical care)
nutritional
toxic
physical

Question 2

What is a frozen section?

Answer 2

performed while patient is in surgery under anestheisa; snap frozen so its easy to take a very thin section

Question 3

What is a permanent section?

Answer 3

Taken and perforemd over night

Question 4

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 4

occurs most often in permanent cells, increase in size cells to compensate for stress

Question 5

What is hyerplasia?

Answer 5

increase in cell number

Question 6

What is metaplasia?

Answer 6

A reversible change in cell type due to stress; may be associated with risk of cancer

Question 7

What metaplasia occurs in smokers that predisposes them to cancer?

Answer 7

Conversion of columnar ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea to squamous epithelial cells

Question 8

What are the distinct differences between neccrosis and apoptosis?

Answer 8

necrosis incites inflammation, disrupt plasma membrane, enlarges
apoptosis doesn’t do any of that

Question 9

Reversible cell injury includes what?

Answer 9

cell swelling, and fatty change

Question 10

Cell sweling occurs why in cell injury?

Answer 10

failure of cell pumps resulting in blebbing and some disruption of membrane of vacuoles

Question 11

Irreversible injury of cell includes what?

Answer 11

nuclear shrinkage, break down of plasma and organelle membrane, eosinophilia

Question 12

What are the types of tissue necrosis?

Answer 12

coagulative
lquefactive
caseous
gangrenous
fat necrosis
fibrinoid necrosis

Question 13

What causes coagulative necrosis?

Answer 13

hypoxic or anoxic injury due to ischemia in solid organs exxcept for CNS

Question 14

What is liquefactive necrosis and what causes it?

Answer 14

commonly seen with bacterial and fungal infections; and brain infarct
complete digestion of dead cells

Question 15

Caseous necrosis caused by what?

Answer 15

resembles cheese

caused by TB or some fungal infections

Question 16

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 16

not a specific necrosis but a term sed for ischemic coagulative necrosis of extremity.
Dry - no infection
wet- superimposed infection

Question 17

Fat necrosis is what anc caused by what?

Answer 17

seen in pancreas in acute pancreatitis or due to trama to fatty tissue releasing lipasis leading to chalky white appearance due to saponification

Question 18

fibrinoid necrosis is what?

Answer 18

deposit of immune complexes in vascular wall; occurs in vasculitis syndromes

Question 19

Mitochondrial injury leads to cellular injury in what ways?

Answer 19

depleted ATP
possible release of cyt C
less protein production
lower pH due to lactic acid

Question 20

Ischemia vs hypoxia, hat are the differences?

Answer 20

hypoxia only lack of oxygen
ischemia locking of blood
ischemia is worse bc blood allows for ridding of toxins and nutrients to come to the damage

Question 21

How does reperfusion cause injury?

Answer 21

increase free radical generation

increased leukocytes, plasma proteins, and complement bring inflammatory responses

Question 22

What ar ethe two mechanisms that chemical toxic injury occurs?

Answer 22

direct toxin binds to cellular organelle or molecular mponent
others are metabolized and the metabolite causes the injry

Question 23

What is lipofuscin?

Answer 23

indigestible material resulting from lipid peroxidation accumulates in cells

Question 24

Why does smooth endoplasmic reticulum hypertrophy occur?

Answer 24

stress response to alcohol or barbituates

Question 25

What is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 25

non viable damaged tissue with normal serum caclium gets calcium deposistion
white gritty deposit
ie atheromas, aortic vales in eldely, old TB

Question 26

What is metastatic calcification?

Answer 26

Dur to high calcium serum levels resulting in calcium deposition