Devo

Question 1

How are cells arranged in embryonic ct?

Answer 1

they are mesenchymal and scattered either as individual cell or into aggregates of cells

Question 2

What does STFM develop from in the trun?

Answer 2

Scleratome, somatic mesoderm

Question 3

What does STFM develop from in the head?

Answer 3

neural crest and head mesoderm

Question 4

What is differentiaation of preskeletal mesenhcyme mediated by?

Answer 4

cartilage–> Sox-9

Bone- Runx-2

Question 5

What does Sox-9 drive STFM cells to differentiate to?

Answer 5

chondroblasts

Question 6

What will perichondrium develop around?

Answer 6

hyaline and elastic cartilage

Question 7

How do most bones form?

Answer 7

Endochondral ossification

Question 8

What is the diaphysis of the bone?

Answer 8

the shaft

Question 9

What are secondary ossification centers?

Answer 9

additional centers of bone formation appearing in the prenatal postnatal or postpubertal period

Question 10

What is chondrodystrophias?

Answer 10

hterogenous group of disorders characterized by disproportionate growth.

Question 11

What is acodroplasia?

Answer 11

common cause of dwarfism due to interference with epiphyseal plate; associated with mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

Question 12

What mutation is associated with achondroplasia?

Answer 12

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

Question 13

What is the defect associated with marfan syndrome?

Answer 13

fibrillin

Question 14

What is mucopolysaccharidoses disorder?

Answer 14

family of metabolic diseases that result in dwarfism

Question 15

What is hyperpituitarism caused by?

Answer 15

overproduction of growht horomone; can result in gigantism or acromegaly

Question 16

What is hhypothyroidism characterized?

Answer 16

pituitary dwarf; mental retardation and skeletal and ear anomolalise

Question 17

What do cells in the dermomyotome become?

Answer 17

precurosors to skeletal muscle and fibrous connective tissue

Question 18

What ar ehte first 4-5 somites reffered to as?

Answer 18

occipital somites

Question 19

What does the central scleratome compartment form?

Answer 19

pedicle and proximal rib

Question 20

What does the ventral part of the scleratome rib form?

Answer 20

vetebral body, intravetebral disc

Question 21

What does the dorsal part o the scleratome compartment form?

Answer 21

dorsal part of neural arch, spinous process

Question 22

What does the lateral scleratome compartment form?

Answer 22

distal rib

Question 23

What does the somitocoel cells form?

Answer 23

vetebral joints, intravetebral disc, proximal ribs

Question 24

What does the syndetome do?

Answer 24

form tendons for the intrinsic back muscles

Question 25

What is a klippel-feil sequence?

Answer 25

aka brevicollis; recessive disorder characteriezd by presence of fused cervical vertebrae

Question 26

Whaat is sacralized and lumbarized vertebrae?

Answer 26

sacralization; fifth vertebrae incorporated into sacrum | or lumbarization is the opposite, 1st sacraal vertebrae not included

Question 27

What iss dysraphism?

Answer 27

failure of fusion of neural arches

Question 28

Where is teh sternal primordia dervied from?

Answer 28

somatic mesoderm

Question 29

What is all skeletal muscle derived from?

Answer 29

paraxial msoderm

Question 30

Where do muscles of body wall and limbs form from?

Answer 30

somites

Question 31

Where do cardiac and visceral smooth muscle origginate from?

Answer 31

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 32

Where does vascular smooth muscle originate from?

Answer 32

local mesenchyme

Question 33

Where does the smooth muscle of the constrictor and dilator papillae muscle annd myoepithelial cells of ammary gland and sweat gland originate from?

Answer 33

ectoderm

Question 34

Myogenic regulatory factors form what?

Answer 34

intrinsic muscles of the back as well as the prevetebral and intercostal muscles

Question 35

What is the primaxial domain?

Answer 35

where prevetebral and intercostal musclesattach to bones

Question 36

What is the abaxial domain?

Answer 36

muscles of the abdominal wall and the limbs and the infrahyoid muscles

Question 37

Once cells become part of the myotome protion of hte DM their lineage is restricted to waht?

Answer 37

skeletal muscle lineage; these are called myogenic cells or pre-myobasts

Question 38

What do myoblasts fuse with each other to form what?

Answer 38

multinucleated myotubes, a process that requires expression of M-cadherin

Question 39

In myotubes, troponing and topomyosin mediate myofiber and sacromere formation resulting in what?

Answer 39

differentiated mucle cell or muscle fiber

Question 40

Postnatal growth of skeletal muscle is accomplished by myogenic stem cells called what?

Answer 40

Satellite cells

Question 41

What are the muscles in head and neck derived from? And innervated by what?

Answer 41

head mesoderm and cranial nerves

Question 42

The myotome is dived into what?

Answer 42

epaxial dorsal portions (ventral primary rami) and ventral hypaxial portions (dorsal primary rami)

Question 43

What is the difference between primaxial and abaxial versus epaxial and hypaxial

Answer 43

the first refers to embryonic development location the second referst ot innervation

Question 44

What are the two transcription factors associated with smooth muscle gene expression?

Answer 44

myocardin and serum response factor

Question 45

What is poland sequence?

Answer 45

absence of pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscle as a result nipple is displaced

Question 46

What is prune belly syndrome?

Answer 46

1) absence of abdominal muscles 2) undescended testicles 3) bladder and urinary tract anomalies

Question 47

What is congenital muscular torticollis?

Answer 47

characterized by a fixed rotation and tilting of head to one side. Also have hip dysplasia. occur in absence or trauma with SCM muscle

Question 48

What is the beckers type of Muscular dystrophy?

Answer 48

later onset and a milder condition than Duchennes

Question 49

What is pahse 1 of limb development? When is it?

Answer 49

early week 4; establishment of a limb field; somatic mesoderm located on each side of embryo; regulated by hox genes

Question 50

What is phase 2 of limb development? When is it?

Answer 50

during week 4, budding; Limb buds; of somatic mesoderm, neural crest and spinal nerves. Surface forms thickend ridge called apical ectodermal ridge

Question 51

What is phase 3 of limb development?

Answer 51

Week 5-week 8; elongation of limb and limb rotation

Question 52

What is phase 4 of limb development?

Answer 52

begins week 5; tissue formation and organization

Question 53

What is failure of formation of limb parts?

Answer 53

birth defects where all or part of limb is missing - transverse type is an amputation - longitudal type is an absence of structures along the medial access

Question 54

What is oligodactyly?

Answer 54

lobster claw deformity

Question 55

What is phocomelia?

Answer 55

seal limb; distal segment is attached to proximal segment common in thaladomide babies

Question 56

What is syndactyly?

Answer 56

fusion of one or more digits

Question 57

What is sirenomelia?

Answer 57

more severe version of syndactyly

Question 58

What is polydactyly?

Answer 58

duplication of digit

Question 59

What is club foot/

Answer 59

foot ankle defect involving talas bone; talipes equinovarus most common type,

Question 60

What is developmental dysplasia of hip?

Answer 60

condition where hip is easily dislocated sually after birth

Question 61

What is cleidocranial dysplasia?

Answer 61

hypoplasia or aplasia of clavicles

Question 62

What is sprengal deformity?

Answer 62

undescended scapula, dysplastic