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Pathology and MuscSkel > Devo > Flashcards

Devo Flashcards

1
Q

How are cells arranged in embryonic ct?

A

they are mesenchymal and scattered either as individual cell or into aggregates of cells

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2
Q

What does STFM develop from in the trun?

A

Scleratome, somatic mesoderm

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3
Q

What does STFM develop from in the head?

A

neural crest and head mesoderm

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4
Q

What is differentiaation of preskeletal mesenhcyme mediated by?

A

cartilage–> Sox-9

Bone- Runx-2

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5
Q

What does Sox-9 drive STFM cells to differentiate to?

A

chondroblasts

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6
Q

What will perichondrium develop around?

A

hyaline and elastic cartilage

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7
Q

How do most bones form?

A

Endochondral ossification

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8
Q

What is the diaphysis of the bone?

A

the shaft

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9
Q

What are secondary ossification centers?

A

additional centers of bone formation appearing in the prenatal postnatal or postpubertal period

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10
Q

What is chondrodystrophias?

A

hterogenous group of disorders characterized by disproportionate growth.

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11
Q

What is acodroplasia?

A

common cause of dwarfism due to interference with epiphyseal plate; associated with mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

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12
Q

What mutation is associated with achondroplasia?

A

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

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13
Q

What is the defect associated with marfan syndrome?

A

fibrillin

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14
Q

What is mucopolysaccharidoses disorder?

A

family of metabolic diseases that result in dwarfism

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15
Q

What is hyperpituitarism caused by?

A

overproduction of growht horomone; can result in gigantism or acromegaly

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16
Q

What is hhypothyroidism characterized?

A

pituitary dwarf; mental retardation and skeletal and ear anomolalise

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17
Q

What do cells in the dermomyotome become?

A

precurosors to skeletal muscle and fibrous connective tissue

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18
Q

What ar ehte first 4-5 somites reffered to as?

A

occipital somites

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19
Q

What does the central scleratome compartment form?

A

pedicle and proximal rib

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20
Q

What does the ventral part of the scleratome rib form?

A

vetebral body, intravetebral disc

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21
Q

What does the dorsal part o the scleratome compartment form?

A

dorsal part of neural arch, spinous process

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22
Q

What does the lateral scleratome compartment form?

A

distal rib

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23
Q

What does the somitocoel cells form?

A

vetebral joints, intravetebral disc, proximal ribs

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24
Q

What does the syndetome do?

A

form tendons for the intrinsic back muscles

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25
Q

What is a klippel-feil sequence?

A

aka brevicollis; recessive disorder characteriezd by presence of fused cervical vertebrae

26
Q

Whaat is sacralized and lumbarized vertebrae?

A

sacralization; fifth vertebrae incorporated into sacrum

or lumbarization is the opposite, 1st sacraal vertebrae not included

27
Q

What iss dysraphism?

A

failure of fusion of neural arches

28
Q

Where is teh sternal primordia dervied from?

A

somatic mesoderm

29
Q

What is all skeletal muscle derived from?

A

paraxial msoderm

30
Q

Where do muscles of body wall and limbs form from?

A

somites

31
Q

Where do cardiac and visceral smooth muscle origginate from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

32
Q

Where does vascular smooth muscle originate from?

A

local mesenchyme

33
Q

Where does the smooth muscle of the constrictor and dilator papillae muscle annd myoepithelial cells of ammary gland and sweat gland originate from?

A

ectoderm

34
Q

Myogenic regulatory factors form what?

A

intrinsic muscles of the back as well as the prevetebral and intercostal muscles

35
Q

What is the primaxial domain?

A

where prevetebral and intercostal musclesattach to bones

36
Q

What is the abaxial domain?

A

muscles of the abdominal wall and the limbs and the infrahyoid muscles

37
Q

Once cells become part of the myotome protion of hte DM their lineage is restricted to waht?

A

skeletal muscle lineage; these are called myogenic cells or pre-myobasts

38
Q

What do myoblasts fuse with each other to form what?

A

multinucleated myotubes, a process that requires expression of M-cadherin

39
Q

In myotubes, troponing and topomyosin mediate myofiber and sacromere formation resulting in what?

A

differentiated mucle cell or muscle fiber

40
Q

Postnatal growth of skeletal muscle is accomplished by myogenic stem cells called what?

A

Satellite cells

41
Q

What are the muscles in head and neck derived from? And innervated by what?

A

head mesoderm and cranial nerves

42
Q

The myotome is dived into what?

A

epaxial dorsal portions (ventral primary rami) and ventral hypaxial portions (dorsal primary rami)

43
Q

What is the difference between primaxial and abaxial versus epaxial and hypaxial

A

the first refers to embryonic development location the second referst ot innervation

44
Q

What are the two transcription factors associated with smooth muscle gene expression?

A

myocardin and serum response factor

45
Q

What is poland sequence?

A

absence of pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscle as a result nipple is displaced

46
Q

What is prune belly syndrome?

A

1) absence of abdominal muscles
2) undescended testicles
3) bladder and urinary tract anomalies

47
Q

What is congenital muscular torticollis?

A

characterized by a fixed rotation and tilting of head to one side. Also have hip dysplasia. occur in absence or trauma with SCM muscle

48
Q

What is the beckers type of Muscular dystrophy?

A

later onset and a milder condition than Duchennes

49
Q

What is pahse 1 of limb development? When is it?

A

early week 4; establishment of a limb field; somatic mesoderm located on each side of embryo; regulated by hox genes

50
Q

What is phase 2 of limb development? When is it?

A

during week 4, budding;
Limb buds; of somatic mesoderm, neural crest and spinal nerves. Surface forms thickend ridge called apical ectodermal ridge

51
Q

What is phase 3 of limb development?

A

Week 5-week 8; elongation of limb and limb rotation

52
Q

What is phase 4 of limb development?

A

begins week 5; tissue formation and organization

53
Q

What is failure of formation of limb parts?

A

birth defects where all or part of limb is missing

  • transverse type is an amputation
  • longitudal type is an absence of structures along the medial access
54
Q

What is oligodactyly?

A

lobster claw deformity

55
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

seal limb; distal segment is attached to proximal segment common in thaladomide babies

56
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

fusion of one or more digits

57
Q

What is sirenomelia?

A

more severe version of syndactyly

58
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

duplication of digit

59
Q

What is club foot/

A

foot ankle defect involving talas bone; talipes equinovarus most common type,

60
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of hip?

A

condition where hip is easily dislocated sually after birth

61
Q

What is cleidocranial dysplasia?

A

hypoplasia or aplasia of clavicles

62
Q

What is sprengal deformity?

A

undescended scapula, dysplastic

Pathology and MuscSkel (15 decks)

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