Vocab Words 2 of 3 Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retreival of information
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned ealrier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-Term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. It includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incomming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory)
Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information, such as word meanings
Implicit Memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory)
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organization devices
Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. (Also called retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced effect)
Shallow Processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep Processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Cerebellum
Area of the brain that plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning
Basal Ganglia
Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills. (how to ride a bike, for example, is stored here)
Flashbulb Memories
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
An increase in cel’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulization. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Mood-Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
Serial Position Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Anterograde amnesia
An inability to form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
An inability to retrieve information from one’s past
Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
Source Amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution
