Intelligence - Chapter 10 Flashcards
Charles Spearman
- What did he develop?
- What did he believe?
- He developed factor analysis.
- By using factor analysis, one can define general intelligence (g factor). Folks that scored high in one area scored above average in most other areas. Folks that scored badly in one are scored below average in most areas.
L. L. Thurstone
What did he believe?
Instead of one general intelligence entity, L. L. Thurstone believed there were seven “primary mental abilities:”
- Verbal comprehension
- Reasoning
- Perceptual speed
- Numerical ability
- Word fluency
- Associative memory
- Spacial visualization
Unfortunately, other scientists who investigated these 7 profiles found an underlying g factor within the 7 profiles.
What is INTELLIGENCE
- The possession of knowledge.
- The ability to apply knowledge to reason with the world.
- The ability to adapt what you know to a new situation.
For trustworthiness, what do Intelligence Tests require
RELIABILITY
Individual achieves similar score each time.
VALIDITY
The test measure what it claims to measure.
What is the timeline for INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
1884 - Francis Galton (Charles Darwin’s cousin)
Administers first assessment. Purpose: identify high ability and encourage intellectuals to mate. Testing FAILED: no correlations, inconclusive results.
1904 Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
Commissioned by France Board of Ed. to assess children newly mandated to attend school. Purpose: identifying children needing special attention by assessing “mental age.”
Lewis Terman
Developed the STANFORD-BENET after adapting Benet’s test for California’s school children. Purpose: moved away from identifying kids needing special attention to measuring intelligence.
William Stern
Derives Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
IQ = (mental age / actual age) * 100
What are the 2 definitions for TEST BIAS?
- Vast intelligent test result differences due to differences in cultural experiences.
- The scientific meaning: an invalid test.
Measuring what it claims to measure for a subset of test takers.
- Who is JOHN OGBU?
- What did he believe?
- What do critics say?
- Nigerian-American anthropologist who studied race and intelligence.
2. Belief (2 parts): parents middle/upper class Black families relied on the establishment to motivate children to achieve more. Children felt good grades meant "acting white."
- Critics say:
Ogbu’s study did not focus on other races in the Ohio community he studied, the “acting white” label was misused - it corresponds to formal behavior in informal settings and/or participation in activities dominated / acknowledged by whites (e.g. tennis or lacrosse).
Coined term “acting white” among Black Americans. Belief:
- Who is ARTHUR JENSEN?
- Purpose of Studies.
- What were his beliefs?
A psychological statistician who believed his
- Purpose:
To support or dispel federal programs narrowing education gap between minority and majority students.
Findings:
Genetics, not environment (nature, not nurture), determined IQ. Further, maternal actions and different learning patterns (particularly Blacks) attributed IQ differences.
- Two types of learning: associative (imaginative and intuitive) and conceptual (logic and grasping abstract concepts).
Those who learn differently than conventional methods will have problems. Education systems should focus on diverse teaching methods.
4 Levels of BELOW AVG. IQ
Is Autism in any of these levels?
70 - 50/55
“Mild Retardation”
Educatable (can be taught)
50/55 - 40/35
“Moderate Retardation”
Trainable for concrete thinking
40/35 - 25
“Severe Retardation”
Dependent
25 and below
“Profoundly Retarded”
Most likely on life support
Autism
Autism is not mental retardation;
Autism deals with social issues, not intellect.
What is WAIS and WISC?
Who invented it?
WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Purpose: produces an intelligence score, and also separates scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed.
Psychologist David Wechsler developed both.
