Vocab quiz 1 Flashcards
Cell membrane
Consists of a lipid bilayer that is interspersed w/ proteins some of which serve as receptors for hormones and can move w/in the membrane. Forms the boundary of the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances
Centrosome
Cytoskeleton organizer that is composed of two centrioles and helps w/ transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. The centrioles separate at mitosis and aid in the formation of the mitotic spindle.
Chromatin
That part of the cell’s nuclear substance which forms the most conspicuous part of the nuclear network; it includes the chromosomes, and stains deeply w/ certain types of dyes
Cytoskeleton
generally consists of proteins that provide a dynamic structural framework for the cell and can effect cell shape, locomotion, intracellular transport, and gene expression
Endoplasmic membrane
The ER is defined as rough or smooth. The RER contains ribosomes which serve as the location for protein synthesis; whereas the SER has an important role in steroidogenesis. In general the ER is involved in the segregation, storage, and transport of various cellular products
Extracellular matrix
Consists of an intricate meshwork of proteins and polysaccharide molecules that is located in the extracellular space. It is dynamic and provides structural support as well as being reservoir for a number of biologically important molecules
Genome
Total amount of genetic info in a complete set of chromosomes
Golgi apparatus
Plays an important role in the packaging and secretion of proteins
Lysosomes
Serve as an intracellular disgestive system that breaks down products that may originate inside or outside the cell
Mitochondria
Serve as the source of energy (ATP) production for the cell. The mitochondria also contains a small amount of extra genomic DNA (maternally contributed)
Microtubules and Microfilaments
These structures are componests ofthe cytoskeleton which provide structural support for a cell. The cytoskeleton is connected to the nuclear matrix and the extracellular matrix. Changes in the extracellular matrix can cause changes in the cytoskeleton and nuclear matrix which can changes in gene expression
Nucleus
Contains chromosomes and is the site of almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Following transcription mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and translated by ribosomes
Nucleolus
Located in the nucleus and is involved in the production and assembly of ribosomes
Alveolus
An oval sac lined w/ epithelial cells and lumen
Cilium
Minute hairlike process attached to the luminal surface certain cells
Duct
A tube or canal that carries fluid or secretions from a gland
Epithelium
The tissue covering the external and internal surfaces of the body, including the linings of vessels and cavities. The description of an epithelium is based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells
Lumen
Hollow center of a tubular organ
Mucosa
Includes an epithelial lining, the underlying connective tissue and underlying glands if present
Mucularis
Layers of smooth muscle wich normally consist of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer
Serosa
Outside covering of a connective tissue. Present on organs that are w/in a body cavity
Simple
Refers to a singular layer of epithelial cells
Squamous
Plate like cells that resemble scales
Stratified
Refers to more than one layer of epithelial cells
5’ cap
A methylated guanine residue added to the 5’ (beginning) end of the mature mRNA transcript during mRNA processing. Important for export of the transcript from the nucleus, increasing the half life of the transcript, and in promoting translation
Exon
Protein coding region of a gene, represented in the mature mRNA transcipt
HRE
Hormone Repsone Element, A DNA sequence that binds to a hormone stimulated transcription factor to alter the rate of transcription of a proximal gene
Intron
The portion of a gene that is transcribed to form the primary mRNA transcipt but is removed by splicing during processing into mature mRNA transcipt does not encode the protein
Promoter
DNA sequence to which the transcription apparatus (RNA pol) binds to initiate transcription
Polyadenylation
Addition of a poly (A) tail (a string of adenine residues) to the 3’ end of mature mRNA during proccessing. The poly (A) tail aids in the termination of translation, affects the stability of the mature mRNA transcript, assists w/ export of the mature transcript from the nucleus, and is important for translation
RNA Polymerase (RNA pol)
An enzyme that transcribes pre-mRNA from a DNA template; is recruited (or blocked) by transcription factors to the promoter
Transcription
Transfer of information from a segment of double stranded DNA to a single strand of messenger RNA
Transcription Factor (TF)
A protein that can regulate the rate of transcription of a gene by interacting w/ a DNA sequence that may or may not be near the gene
Translation (protein synthesis)
Translation of the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to the amino acid sequence of a protein
UTR
Untranslated region, region of mRNA still present in mature mRNA that is no translated into protein, upstream of the start codon = 5’UTR downstream of the stop codon = 3’ UTR
Oviparous
Female lay eggs which hatch outside the body Ex. birds
Ovoviviparous
Give birht to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body Ex. snakes
Viviparous
Give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus Ex. mammals
Induced ovulation
Must be induced by mating Ex. cats
Spontaneous ovulation
Happens every time naturally Ex. humans
Delayed Fertilization
When a fertilized egg develops into a blastocyte which remains unattached to the uterus
Delayed development (embryonic diapause)
Suspension of embryonic development
Obligate
Delayed implantation happens every time Ex. Badger
Faculative
Delayed implantation happens based on lactation Ex. mouse
In facultative diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause
lactation and metabolic stress
In facultative diapause species what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapuase
weaning
In facultative diapause species what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause
ovarian estrogen in rodents and prolactin withdrawal in marsupials
In obligate diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause
Developmental stage in all gestations
In obligate diapause what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapause
photoperiod
In obligate diapause what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause
prolactin secretion unknown ovarian factors
Spontaneous abortion
A female terminates her current pregnancy when exposed to an unfamiliar male due to a surge in progesterone
Monozygotic Polyembryony
One egg is fertilized then divides forming identical embryos
Intrafollicular fertilization
Fertilization occurs into the follicle prior to ovulation
What is the concept of environmental control of gestation length
Females in a herd give birth shortly before the herd is suppose to migrate
what are the 4 ways hormones can communicate in the body
endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and intracrine
Steps of endocrine communication
chemical messenger, secreted by endocrine glands, transported by blood, then hits the target tissue (phyiologic response)
How does paracrine communication affect the body
Hormone stimulates adjacent cells w/o entering the blood never entering the blood
How does the autocrine communication affect the body
Hormone stimulates the same cell that secretes the hormone
How does the intracrine communication affect the body
Hormone stimulates the cell w/o being secreted never leaving the cytoplasm
Characteristics of protein hormones
Particularly large molecules, polar (dissolved in water), must have receptor
Charactistics of steroid molecules
Smaller molecule, non polar (can not mix w/ blood), there are proteins steroids can blind to
Characteristic of fatty acid hormones
Contains OH and COOH
What are the 3 types of protein hormones
Peptides, proteins, glycoproteins
What are peptide hormones
Short chain of two or more amino acids
What are protein hormones
Long chains of amino acids
What are glycoprotein hormones
protein + carbohydrates and has two subunits alpha and beta
What are steroid hormones
synthesized from cholesterol and has 4 rings
Characteristics of lipid hormones (prostaglandins)
Derived from arachidonic acid and are produced by most tissues in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions
What are the functions of lipid hormones
triangulate smooth muscle contractions, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation, vasodilation/constriction, maintenance/regresses CL, ovulation, and parturition
4 things that affect the control of the hormone
amount of homrone secreted, number of receptors present, rate of metabolism, affinity of hormone binding to the receptor
Characteristics of protein hormone metabolism
hormone binds to receptor and is internalized, metabolism in circulation and the liver, glycoproteins can be excreted in the urine, liver metabolizes hormones then transports them to the kidneys for excretion
Characteristics of prostaglandin metabolism
metabolized by enzymes in the lungs degraded hormones quickly and horses cannot process prostaglandin in their lungs
Steps of steroid hormone metabolism
Liver removing the double bonds and adding glucuronic acid or suphate group making it water soluble kidneys then remove the steroid metabolite from circulation
Characteristics of hormones
Do not supply energy, regulates rates of specific processes, act in small quantities, short half life, bind to receptors, immediate or delayed action, and help maintain homeostasis
What is negative feedback
The effect of the hormone slow down or stop the hormone from being released
What is positive feedback regulation
The effect of the hormone enhance or amplifies the hormone being released
Relationship between the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
GnRH is released first then shortly after is a surge of FSH, and then finally almost immediately after a surge of LH
Where are the receptors for protein hormones located
on the outer layer of the cell membrane
What are the two different receptors used for steroid hormones
cell membrane receptors triggers fast response and nuclear receptors triggers slow response
What is the process of the 2nd messenger system of protein hormones
G protein triggers adenylate cyclase which turns ATP into cAMP
What do hormone receptors trigger
the promoter inducing transcription
What does the surge center have to produce in order for a female to ovulate
LH
what is the hypothalamus
neuro endocrine cells synthesis of releasing factors and oxytocin
How does close association of the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus affect hormone disturbation
allows for minute quantities of the hormone to be carried out no dilution in circulation required
Is there a physical connection between HYPO and AP
no
Are HYPO and PP physically connected
yes
How do HYPO neurons and hormones trabel to PP capillary plexus
nerve axons
What are the secreting neurons
two groups of nerve cells which release peptide hormones that produce hormones for the posterior and anterior (GnRH) pituitary
What is the function of the hypophyseal portal vessels
carry releasing hormones to anterior pituitary
Where does the posterior pituitary originate
neural ectoderm
Where does the anterior pituirary originate
oral ectoderm
What does kisspeptin stimulate
GnRH
What is the relationship between testosterone and kisspeptin
Testosterone blocks kisspeptin when testosterone decreases kisspeptin signals the release of GnRh
Where does the hormonal surge of LH come from in the female brain
AVPV
What is the function of GnRH
Stimulating the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary driving reproduction
What hormones does Parlodel-Bromocriptine Ergotalkaloid gland produce
Dopamine, Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH), Growth Releaseing Hormone (GRH), and Oxytocin
What is the function of CRH
Stimulates ACTH release and can trigger parturition
What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
FSH, LH, prolactin, Growth hormone, and Adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the function of FSH
Stimulates follicle growth, estrogen, and spermatogenesis in males
What is the function of LH
Stimulates ovulation, supports CL formation and progesterone secretion, testosterone, and synthesis by leydig cells of testis
What is the function of Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Release of corticosteroids and glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex and initiates parturition
What is the function of estrogen
Controls mating behavior, secondary sex characteristics, maintenance of female duct system, and mammary growth
What hormone does Corpus Luteum produce
progesterone
What is the function of progesterone
Maintenance of pregnancy, mammary growth and secretion, and final follicular growth
What hormone does the uterus produce
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
What are the functions does prostaglandin
Regression of the CL, stimulate myometrial contractions, ovulation, and sperm transport
What hormone does the pineal gland produce
Melatonin
What are the functions does melatonin
Control of seasonal reproduction in mares and ewes and regulates hair growth
