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Repro Phys > Vocab quiz 1 > Flashcards

Vocab quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Consists of a lipid bilayer that is interspersed w/ proteins some of which serve as receptors for hormones and can move w/in the membrane. Forms the boundary of the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances

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2
Q

Centrosome

A

Cytoskeleton organizer that is composed of two centrioles and helps w/ transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. The centrioles separate at mitosis and aid in the formation of the mitotic spindle.

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

That part of the cell’s nuclear substance which forms the most conspicuous part of the nuclear network; it includes the chromosomes, and stains deeply w/ certain types of dyes

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4
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

generally consists of proteins that provide a dynamic structural framework for the cell and can effect cell shape, locomotion, intracellular transport, and gene expression

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5
Q

Endoplasmic membrane

A

The ER is defined as rough or smooth. The RER contains ribosomes which serve as the location for protein synthesis; whereas the SER has an important role in steroidogenesis. In general the ER is involved in the segregation, storage, and transport of various cellular products

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6
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Consists of an intricate meshwork of proteins and polysaccharide molecules that is located in the extracellular space. It is dynamic and provides structural support as well as being reservoir for a number of biologically important molecules

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7
Q

Genome

A

Total amount of genetic info in a complete set of chromosomes

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Plays an important role in the packaging and secretion of proteins

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Serve as an intracellular disgestive system that breaks down products that may originate inside or outside the cell

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Serve as the source of energy (ATP) production for the cell. The mitochondria also contains a small amount of extra genomic DNA (maternally contributed)

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11
Q

Microtubules and Microfilaments

A

These structures are componests ofthe cytoskeleton which provide structural support for a cell. The cytoskeleton is connected to the nuclear matrix and the extracellular matrix. Changes in the extracellular matrix can cause changes in the cytoskeleton and nuclear matrix which can changes in gene expression

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes and is the site of almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Following transcription mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and translated by ribosomes

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Located in the nucleus and is involved in the production and assembly of ribosomes

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14
Q

Alveolus

A

An oval sac lined w/ epithelial cells and lumen

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15
Q

Cilium

A

Minute hairlike process attached to the luminal surface certain cells

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16
Q

Duct

A

A tube or canal that carries fluid or secretions from a gland

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17
Q

Epithelium

A

The tissue covering the external and internal surfaces of the body, including the linings of vessels and cavities. The description of an epithelium is based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

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18
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow center of a tubular organ

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19
Q

Mucosa

A

Includes an epithelial lining, the underlying connective tissue and underlying glands if present

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20
Q

Mucularis

A

Layers of smooth muscle wich normally consist of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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21
Q

Serosa

A

Outside covering of a connective tissue. Present on organs that are w/in a body cavity

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22
Q

Simple

A

Refers to a singular layer of epithelial cells

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23
Q

Squamous

A

Plate like cells that resemble scales

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24
Q

Stratified

A

Refers to more than one layer of epithelial cells

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25
Q

5’ cap

A

A methylated guanine residue added to the 5’ (beginning) end of the mature mRNA transcript during mRNA processing. Important for export of the transcript from the nucleus, increasing the half life of the transcript, and in promoting translation

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26
Q

Exon

A

Protein coding region of a gene, represented in the mature mRNA transcipt

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27
Q

HRE

A

Hormone Repsone Element, A DNA sequence that binds to a hormone stimulated transcription factor to alter the rate of transcription of a proximal gene

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28
Q

Intron

A

The portion of a gene that is transcribed to form the primary mRNA transcipt but is removed by splicing during processing into mature mRNA transcipt does not encode the protein

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29
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence to which the transcription apparatus (RNA pol) binds to initiate transcription

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30
Q

Polyadenylation

A

Addition of a poly (A) tail (a string of adenine residues) to the 3’ end of mature mRNA during proccessing. The poly (A) tail aids in the termination of translation, affects the stability of the mature mRNA transcript, assists w/ export of the mature transcript from the nucleus, and is important for translation

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31
Q

RNA Polymerase (RNA pol)

A

An enzyme that transcribes pre-mRNA from a DNA template; is recruited (or blocked) by transcription factors to the promoter

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32
Q

Transcription

A

Transfer of information from a segment of double stranded DNA to a single strand of messenger RNA

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33
Q

Transcription Factor (TF)

A

A protein that can regulate the rate of transcription of a gene by interacting w/ a DNA sequence that may or may not be near the gene

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34
Q

Translation (protein synthesis)

A

Translation of the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to the amino acid sequence of a protein

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35
Q

UTR

A

Untranslated region, region of mRNA still present in mature mRNA that is no translated into protein, upstream of the start codon = 5’UTR downstream of the stop codon = 3’ UTR

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36
Q

Oviparous

A

Female lay eggs which hatch outside the body Ex. birds

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37
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Give birht to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body Ex. snakes

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38
Q

Viviparous

A

Give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus Ex. mammals

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39
Q

Induced ovulation

A

Must be induced by mating Ex. cats

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40
Q

Spontaneous ovulation

A

Happens every time naturally Ex. humans

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41
Q

Delayed Fertilization

A

When a fertilized egg develops into a blastocyte which remains unattached to the uterus

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42
Q

Delayed development (embryonic diapause)

A

Suspension of embryonic development

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43
Q

Obligate

A

Delayed implantation happens every time Ex. Badger

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44
Q

Faculative

A

Delayed implantation happens based on lactation Ex. mouse

45
Q

In facultative diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause

A

lactation and metabolic stress

46
Q

In facultative diapause species what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapuase

A

weaning

47
Q

In facultative diapause species what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause

A

ovarian estrogen in rodents and prolactin withdrawal in marsupials

48
Q

In obligate diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause

A

Developmental stage in all gestations

49
Q

In obligate diapause what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapause

A

photoperiod

50
Q

In obligate diapause what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause

A

prolactin secretion unknown ovarian factors

51
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

A female terminates her current pregnancy when exposed to an unfamiliar male due to a surge in progesterone

52
Q

Monozygotic Polyembryony

A

One egg is fertilized then divides forming identical embryos

53
Q

Intrafollicular fertilization

A

Fertilization occurs into the follicle prior to ovulation

54
Q

What is the concept of environmental control of gestation length

A

Females in a herd give birth shortly before the herd is suppose to migrate

55
Q

what are the 4 ways hormones can communicate in the body

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and intracrine

56
Q

Steps of endocrine communication

A

chemical messenger, secreted by endocrine glands, transported by blood, then hits the target tissue (phyiologic response)

57
Q

How does paracrine communication affect the body

A

Hormone stimulates adjacent cells w/o entering the blood never entering the blood

58
Q

How does the autocrine communication affect the body

A

Hormone stimulates the same cell that secretes the hormone

59
Q

How does the intracrine communication affect the body

A

Hormone stimulates the cell w/o being secreted never leaving the cytoplasm

60
Q

Characteristics of protein hormones

A

Particularly large molecules, polar (dissolved in water), must have receptor

61
Q

Charactistics of steroid molecules

A

Smaller molecule, non polar (can not mix w/ blood), there are proteins steroids can blind to

62
Q

Characteristic of fatty acid hormones

A

Contains OH and COOH

63
Q

What are the 3 types of protein hormones

A

Peptides, proteins, glycoproteins

64
Q

What are peptide hormones

A

Short chain of two or more amino acids

65
Q

What are protein hormones

A

Long chains of amino acids

66
Q

What are glycoprotein hormones

A

protein + carbohydrates and has two subunits alpha and beta

67
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

synthesized from cholesterol and has 4 rings

68
Q

Characteristics of lipid hormones (prostaglandins)

A

Derived from arachidonic acid and are produced by most tissues in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions

69
Q

What are the functions of lipid hormones

A

triangulate smooth muscle contractions, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation, vasodilation/constriction, maintenance/regresses CL, ovulation, and parturition

70
Q

4 things that affect the control of the hormone

A

amount of homrone secreted, number of receptors present, rate of metabolism, affinity of hormone binding to the receptor

71
Q

Characteristics of protein hormone metabolism

A

hormone binds to receptor and is internalized, metabolism in circulation and the liver, glycoproteins can be excreted in the urine, liver metabolizes hormones then transports them to the kidneys for excretion

72
Q

Characteristics of prostaglandin metabolism

A

metabolized by enzymes in the lungs degraded hormones quickly and horses cannot process prostaglandin in their lungs

73
Q

Steps of steroid hormone metabolism

A

Liver removing the double bonds and adding glucuronic acid or suphate group making it water soluble kidneys then remove the steroid metabolite from circulation

74
Q

Characteristics of hormones

A

Do not supply energy, regulates rates of specific processes, act in small quantities, short half life, bind to receptors, immediate or delayed action, and help maintain homeostasis

75
Q

What is negative feedback

A

The effect of the hormone slow down or stop the hormone from being released

76
Q

What is positive feedback regulation

A

The effect of the hormone enhance or amplifies the hormone being released

77
Q

Relationship between the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

A

GnRH is released first then shortly after is a surge of FSH, and then finally almost immediately after a surge of LH

78
Q

Where are the receptors for protein hormones located

A

on the outer layer of the cell membrane

79
Q

What are the two different receptors used for steroid hormones

A

cell membrane receptors triggers fast response and nuclear receptors triggers slow response

80
Q

What is the process of the 2nd messenger system of protein hormones

A

G protein triggers adenylate cyclase which turns ATP into cAMP

81
Q

What do hormone receptors trigger

A

the promoter inducing transcription

82
Q

What does the surge center have to produce in order for a female to ovulate

A

LH

83
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

neuro endocrine cells synthesis of releasing factors and oxytocin

84
Q

How does close association of the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus affect hormone disturbation

A

allows for minute quantities of the hormone to be carried out no dilution in circulation required

85
Q

Is there a physical connection between HYPO and AP

A

no

86
Q

Are HYPO and PP physically connected

A

yes

87
Q

How do HYPO neurons and hormones trabel to PP capillary plexus

A

nerve axons

88
Q

What are the secreting neurons

A

two groups of nerve cells which release peptide hormones that produce hormones for the posterior and anterior (GnRH) pituitary

89
Q

What is the function of the hypophyseal portal vessels

A

carry releasing hormones to anterior pituitary

90
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary originate

A

neural ectoderm

91
Q

Where does the anterior pituirary originate

A

oral ectoderm

92
Q

What does kisspeptin stimulate

A

GnRH

93
Q

What is the relationship between testosterone and kisspeptin

A

Testosterone blocks kisspeptin when testosterone decreases kisspeptin signals the release of GnRh

94
Q

Where does the hormonal surge of LH come from in the female brain

A

AVPV

95
Q

What is the function of GnRH

A

Stimulating the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary driving reproduction

96
Q

What hormones does Parlodel-Bromocriptine Ergotalkaloid gland produce

A

Dopamine, Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH), Growth Releaseing Hormone (GRH), and Oxytocin

97
Q

What is the function of CRH

A

Stimulates ACTH release and can trigger parturition

98
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce

A

FSH, LH, prolactin, Growth hormone, and Adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

99
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Stimulates follicle growth, estrogen, and spermatogenesis in males

100
Q

What is the function of LH

A

Stimulates ovulation, supports CL formation and progesterone secretion, testosterone, and synthesis by leydig cells of testis

101
Q

What is the function of Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Release of corticosteroids and glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex and initiates parturition

102
Q

What is the function of estrogen

A

Controls mating behavior, secondary sex characteristics, maintenance of female duct system, and mammary growth

103
Q

What hormone does Corpus Luteum produce

A

progesterone

104
Q

What is the function of progesterone

A

Maintenance of pregnancy, mammary growth and secretion, and final follicular growth

105
Q

What hormone does the uterus produce

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

106
Q

What are the functions does prostaglandin

A

Regression of the CL, stimulate myometrial contractions, ovulation, and sperm transport

107
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce

A

Melatonin

108
Q

What are the functions does melatonin

A

Control of seasonal reproduction in mares and ewes and regulates hair growth

Repro Phys (10 decks)

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