Exam 2 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What two species have excess seminal fluid in their semen
A
Boars and stallions
2
Q
Why do boars and stallions have a large amount of seminal fluid in their semen
A
Because they have large accessory glands increasing the amount of plasma produced
3
Q
What are the three accessory glands
A
The vesticluar gland, prostate gland, and cowpers gland
4
Q
What are the three parts of sperm
A
Head, midpiece, tail
5
Q
What is the acrosome
A
The cap like structure on the top of the sperm that protects the nucleus and helps pertrude the ovum during fertilization
6
Q
What is the capitulum
A
Connects the midpiece to the head
7
Q
What is found in the midpiece
A
Mitochondria and centrioles
8
Q
What is the midpiece of the head
A
Equatorial segment which is where the acrosomal ends
9
Q
What is the apical ridge
A
Located at the very tip of the outer acrosomal membrane of the sperm important for out growth
10
Q
What is the mitochondrial helix
A
The portion of the midpiece that contains the mitochondira important for producing energy for tail movement
11
Q
What is the axoneme made from
A
Nine doublets, two inner central fibers, and nine outer fibers
12
Q
What is the purpose of the axoneme
A
Contracts the tail allowing it to bend and gives it shape
13
Q
What is the difference between the principal piece and the middle piece
A
The principle piece does not contain mitochondria
14
Q
What is the difference between the terminal piece and the principal piece
A
There is no coarse fiber
15
Q
What is the purpose of dynein arms
A
Assists with the movement of microtubules in the tail of the sperm
16
Q
What is a primary abnormality
A
An abnormality that occurs inside the testicle
17
Q
What is a secondary abnormality
A
An abnormality that occurs after the sperm has left the testicle
18
Q
What are some common head abnormalities
A
Crater defect, tapered heads, ruffled acrosome, and knobbed acrosome
19
Q
What are some tail abnormalities
A
Coiled tail, double midpiece, folded tail, and detached head
20
Q
What are the stages of spermatogenesis
A
Spermatocytogenesis (mitosis), meiosis, spermiogenesis, and spermiation
21
Q
What is the purpose of initial cells during spermatogenesis
A
Providing base cell to start divison
22
Q
How long is the whole process of spermatogenesis
A
60-63 days
23
Q
What is the order of how sperm develops
A
spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, and spermatozoa
24
Q
How long is meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
A
Meiosis 1 is 21 days and meiosis 2 is 2 days
25
What are the changes made during the golgi phase of spermiogenesis
The golgi starts forming the proacrosomic granules and the centrioles start migrating to the bottom of the spermatid. The proacrosomic granule turns into the acrosomic vesicle and the centrioles organize into the PC and the DC
26
What changes start occuring in the cap phase
The acrosomic vesicle starts forming around the nucleus, the inner and outer acrosome membranes form, the rest of the golgi starts migrating down to the bottom of the spermatid, and the axoneme starts froming from the DC
27
What changes occur during the acrosomal phase
The acrosome fully forms, the mitochondria start drifting to the forming midpiece, and the annulus forms
28
What changes occur during the maturation phase
The mitochondria move to the midpiece, the golgi starts to dissappear into the droplet, the tail fully develops, and the droplet falls off
29
What is spermiation
Release of the spermatozoa to the lumen
30
What is the purpose of the blood testis barrier
To seperate and protect the primary spermatocyte
31
What three things make up the blood testis barrier
Basement membrane, wall of the blood vessel, and sertoli cells
32
What does FSH do in the male reproductive tract
Produces testosterone that triggers spermatogenesis w/in the seminiferous tubule
33
What does LH do in the male reproductive tract
Stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone
34
What does the sertoli cell turn testosterone into
DHT
35
What other hormone does the sertoli cells produce
Estrogen
36
What is the function of the androgen binding protein
It maintains testosterone levels
37
What is cumulus granulosa cells
The granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte
38
What are mural granulosa cells
The granulosa cells surrouding the follicle
39
What is theca interna layer
The internal layer of theca cells that produces testosterone
40
What is theca externa
Smooth muslce layer of theca cells
41
What are antral follicles
Follicles that have developed the antrum
42
What are primordial follicles
Follicles that have a single layer of squamous pregranulosa cells
43
What are primary follicles
Follicles that have a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells
44
After what stage of folliculogenesis does FSH start to stimulate further growth
Secondary
45
What three things are critical in the formation of a germline cyst into a primordial follicle
Notch signaling, NOBOX, and Figla
46
What happens if NOBOX is not present
The germline cyst will not develop into the primordial follicle
47
What is required for a primordial follicle to develop into a primary follicle
Foxl2
48
What is required for primary follicles to develop into secondary follicles
GDF9
49
What does theca cells produce
androstenodione
50
Describe the two cell two GnRH model
The anterior pituitary produces LH and FSH. The LH stimulates the theca cell to produce androstenodione. The FSH stimulates the granulosa cell to convert androstenodione into estrogen.
51
What is gonadotropin independent
Initial development occurs independent of GnRH
52
What is gonadotropin responsive
Follicles can respond to GnRH but GnRH stimulus is not required for follicle growth
53
What is gonadotropin dependent
Follicles have been stimulated to grow towards ovulation
54
What is initial recruitment
Primordial follicular pool recruited into the pool of growing follicles in a continuous manner (GnRH independent)
55
What is cyclic recruitment
A group of antral follicles are recruited to grow towards ovulation during a specific estrous cycle (GnRH dependent)
56
What allows the LH surge to happen
Atresia
57
What is recruitment
Refers to the first stage of a follicular wave during which a group of small follicles begin to grow from a pool of antral follicles
58
What is selection
One follicle is selected to continue to grow and become dependent on LH after estradiol and inhibin have decreased the amount of FSH circulating
59
What is dominance
The dominant follicle continues to produce estradiol and inhibin preventing the recruitment of the next wave
60
What are oocytes formed from
Oogonium
61
What is the purpose of oocytes going thru arrest
So they are able to remain unfertilized for a long period of time and so that only one ovulates at a time
62
What developmental stages of oogenesis involve mitotic division
PGC, oogonia, and primary oocyte
63
When do oocytes start individually develop out of their arrest periods eventually undergoing ovulation
Puberty
64
What causes the meiotic arresst
Increased levels of cAMP
65
What are the three things that cause an increase in cAMP
Oocytes natural production, cAMP is trasferred from gonad granulosa cells, and cGMP from granulosa cells inhibits PDE
66
What is PDE and what is its function
Phospho diesterase enzyme and it inhibits cAMP
67
How do you know an oocyte is undergoing arrest
The germinal vesicle is still present
68
What is the GVBD phase
When the germinal vesicle membrane gets broken down
69
How do you know an oocyte is undergoing metaphase 2
A polar body is present
70
How many polar bodies are present druring fertilization
Two
71
When an oocyte under go meiosis 2
At fertilization
72
What causes Metaphse 2 arrest
Cyclin B
73
What is the only thing that can break arrest
Ca2+ rise initiated by fertilizing sperm
74
What is follicular/oocyte communication
Gap junctions
75
What is the gap junction connecting the granulosa cells and oocyte together made of
Proteins called connexons composed of 6 subunits
76
How are granulosa cells and the oocytre connected
Pores formed by a gap junction connecting their cytoplasm togther allowing for direct communication and transfering small molecules
77
How are large molecules communicated between granulosa cells and the oocyte
Paracrine secretions
78
What are the roles the oocyte plays in follicle growth
Secretes GDF9, affects granulosa cell differentiation, energy/metabolic function, follicle cell growth/division, and producing proteins for the zona pellicuda
79
What is the pressure theory
That as the follicle keeps growing the internal pressure increases causing a rupture aka ovulation
80
What is the BP theory
BP increases increasing follicular pressure leading to ovulation
81
What is the smooth muscle contraction contribuation in ovulation
The retraction of smooth muscle increase pressure causing follicular rupture
82
What is the proteolytic activity theory
Collagenous layer forms around the follicle that enzymes degrade increasing the proteolyic activity of the follicle
83
What does LH do to cGMP
It increases it in granulosa cells but reduces production and transport to oocytes in ovulatory follicles
84
What are the two functions of LH
Developing the CL and ovulation
85
What does LH do to an oocyte
Inhibits the gap junction decreasing cAMP leading to maturation
86
What are important regulators of ovulation
LH/LH receptor, prostaglandins, progesterone, EGF, and oocyte
87
What are the three things that occur directly after the LH surge
Increase in BP to ovary/follicle, protein synthesis changes in and around the follicle, and cumulus expansion
88
What are the four things that directly cause ovulation to occur
Follicular pressure, contraction of smooth muscle, follicular wall weakens, and cumulus expansion
89
What three things occur during protein synthesis in a follicle
Progesterone is produced, plasminogen activator works, prostaglandin synthesis of PGE and PGF
90
What is the primary function of the CL
To secrete progesterone
91
Is the CL permanent
No, it will only stay while pregnant
92
What are the steps of CL formation
Hypetrophy of granulosa and theca cells, folding of the follicular wall, angiogenesis, breakdown of the basement membrane, pushing of the cells towards the center, and lutenization
93
What is angiogensis
Formation of new blood vessels giving the red color
94
What cells get pushed togther to form luteum cells
Granulosa and theca cells
95
What type of luteal cells do granulosa cells become
Large
96
What type of luteal cells do theca cells become
Small
97
What are the four steps to angiogenesis
Basement membrane breakdown, production of angiogenic factors by granulosa cells, mitosis and migration of endothelial cells, and capillary tube formation
98
What truly stimulates angiogenesis
Production of angiogenic factors
99
What is the first formation of the CL called
Corpus hemorrhagicum
100
What is the last stage of the CL called
Corpus albicans
101
Why is the corpus albicans white
The degrading function of vasoconstriction
102
What are all the functions of the CL
Secreting progesterone/oxytocin, maintains pregnancy, stimulates mammary development, and controls the ovarian cycle
103
What does progesterone have a positive feedback on
The mammary gland, the uterus, and the uterus gland
104
What does progesterone have a negative feedback on
The myometrium (circular and logitudinal layer), the tonic center, and the anterior pituitary
105
What does the uterine gland secrete
Produces uterine milk to nourish the embryo prior to the placenta forming
106
What hormone is secreted but the endometrium of the uterus to degrade the CL
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
107
How does prostaglandin F2 alpha get to the CL if the uterine horn on that side is absent
The prostaglandin has to move through the blood stream of the body being metablized in the lungs which in most species does not leave much prostaglandin to affect the CL
108
In horses does the uterine horn on the side without the fetus still produce prostaglandin F2 alpha
Yes
109
What does the embryo do in mares to stop the production of prostaglandin F2 alpha
It moves between both sides of the uterus
110
Describe the hormonal cycle of estous
The dominant follicle produces estradiol trigging the LH surge resulting in ovulation. Once ovulation occurs the forming CL then starts producing a steady amount of progesterone. FSH is produced in low levels along with estrogen as some small follicles form but are then degraded due to the presence of a CL and the progesterone it produces. If the animal is not pregnant by day 17 the endometrium of the uterus will produce waves of PGF2 alpha to degrade the CL decreasing the amount of progesterone alowing for an increase in estradiol starting the cycle all over again
111
How long is the estrous cycle and estus in cows
21 days and 18 hrs
112
How long is the estrous cycle and estrus in ewes
16 days and 35 hrs
113
How long is the estrous cycle and estrus in sows
21 days and 56 hrs
114
How long is the estrous cycle and estrus in mares
21 days and 6 days
