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Repro Phys > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two species have excess seminal fluid in their semen

A

Boars and stallions

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2
Q

Why do boars and stallions have a large amount of seminal fluid in their semen

A

Because they have large accessory glands increasing the amount of plasma produced

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3
Q

What are the three accessory glands

A

The vesticluar gland, prostate gland, and cowpers gland

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4
Q

What are the three parts of sperm

A

Head, midpiece, tail

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5
Q

What is the acrosome

A

The cap like structure on the top of the sperm that protects the nucleus and helps pertrude the ovum during fertilization

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6
Q

What is the capitulum

A

Connects the midpiece to the head

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7
Q

What is found in the midpiece

A

Mitochondria and centrioles

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8
Q

What is the midpiece of the head

A

Equatorial segment which is where the acrosomal ends

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9
Q

What is the apical ridge

A

Located at the very tip of the outer acrosomal membrane of the sperm important for out growth

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10
Q

What is the mitochondrial helix

A

The portion of the midpiece that contains the mitochondira important for producing energy for tail movement

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11
Q

What is the axoneme made from

A

Nine doublets, two inner central fibers, and nine outer fibers

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the axoneme

A

Contracts the tail allowing it to bend and gives it shape

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13
Q

What is the difference between the principal piece and the middle piece

A

The principle piece does not contain mitochondria

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14
Q

What is the difference between the terminal piece and the principal piece

A

There is no coarse fiber

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15
Q

What is the purpose of dynein arms

A

Assists with the movement of microtubules in the tail of the sperm

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16
Q

What is a primary abnormality

A

An abnormality that occurs inside the testicle

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17
Q

What is a secondary abnormality

A

An abnormality that occurs after the sperm has left the testicle

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18
Q

What are some common head abnormalities

A

Crater defect, tapered heads, ruffled acrosome, and knobbed acrosome

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19
Q

What are some tail abnormalities

A

Coiled tail, double midpiece, folded tail, and detached head

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20
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatocytogenesis (mitosis), meiosis, spermiogenesis, and spermiation

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21
Q

What is the purpose of initial cells during spermatogenesis

A

Providing base cell to start divison

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22
Q

How long is the whole process of spermatogenesis

A

60-63 days

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23
Q

What is the order of how sperm develops

A

spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, and spermatozoa

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24
Q

How long is meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

A

Meiosis 1 is 21 days and meiosis 2 is 2 days

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25
Q

What are the changes made during the golgi phase of spermiogenesis

A

The golgi starts forming the proacrosomic granules and the centrioles start migrating to the bottom of the spermatid. The proacrosomic granule turns into the acrosomic vesicle and the centrioles organize into the PC and the DC

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26
Q

What changes start occuring in the cap phase

A

The acrosomic vesicle starts forming around the nucleus, the inner and outer acrosome membranes form, the rest of the golgi starts migrating down to the bottom of the spermatid, and the axoneme starts froming from the DC

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27
Q

What changes occur during the acrosomal phase

A

The acrosome fully forms, the mitochondria start drifting to the forming midpiece, and the annulus forms

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28
Q

What changes occur during the maturation phase

A

The mitochondria move to the midpiece, the golgi starts to dissappear into the droplet, the tail fully develops, and the droplet falls off

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29
Q

What is spermiation

A

Release of the spermatozoa to the lumen

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the blood testis barrier

A

To seperate and protect the primary spermatocyte

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31
Q

What three things make up the blood testis barrier

A

Basement membrane, wall of the blood vessel, and sertoli cells

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32
Q

What does FSH do in the male reproductive tract

A

Produces testosterone that triggers spermatogenesis w/in the seminiferous tubule

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33
Q

What does LH do in the male reproductive tract

A

Stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone

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34
Q

What does the sertoli cell turn testosterone into

A

DHT

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35
Q

What other hormone does the sertoli cells produce

A

Estrogen

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36
Q

What is the function of the androgen binding protein

A

It maintains testosterone levels

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37
Q

What is cumulus granulosa cells

A

The granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte

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38
Q

What are mural granulosa cells

A

The granulosa cells surrouding the follicle

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39
Q

What is theca interna layer

A

The internal layer of theca cells that produces testosterone

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40
Q

What is theca externa

A

Smooth muslce layer of theca cells

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41
Q

What are antral follicles

A

Follicles that have developed the antrum

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42
Q

What are primordial follicles

A

Follicles that have a single layer of squamous pregranulosa cells

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43
Q

What are primary follicles

A

Follicles that have a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

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44
Q

After what stage of folliculogenesis does FSH start to stimulate further growth

A

Secondary

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45
Q

What three things are critical in the formation of a germline cyst into a primordial follicle

A

Notch signaling, NOBOX, and Figla

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46
Q

What happens if NOBOX is not present

A

The germline cyst will not develop into the primordial follicle

47
Q

What is required for a primordial follicle to develop into a primary follicle

A

Foxl2

48
Q

What is required for primary follicles to develop into secondary follicles

A

GDF9

49
Q

What does theca cells produce

A

androstenodione

50
Q

Describe the two cell two GnRH model

A

The anterior pituitary produces LH and FSH. The LH stimulates the theca cell to produce androstenodione. The FSH stimulates the granulosa cell to convert androstenodione into estrogen.

51
Q

What is gonadotropin independent

A

Initial development occurs independent of GnRH

52
Q

What is gonadotropin responsive

A

Follicles can respond to GnRH but GnRH stimulus is not required for follicle growth

53
Q

What is gonadotropin dependent

A

Follicles have been stimulated to grow towards ovulation

54
Q

What is initial recruitment

A

Primordial follicular pool recruited into the pool of growing follicles in a continuous manner (GnRH independent)

55
Q

What is cyclic recruitment

A

A group of antral follicles are recruited to grow towards ovulation during a specific estrous cycle (GnRH dependent)

56
Q

What allows the LH surge to happen

A

Atresia

57
Q

What is recruitment

A

Refers to the first stage of a follicular wave during which a group of small follicles begin to grow from a pool of antral follicles

58
Q

What is selection

A

One follicle is selected to continue to grow and become dependent on LH after estradiol and inhibin have decreased the amount of FSH circulating

59
Q

What is dominance

A

The dominant follicle continues to produce estradiol and inhibin preventing the recruitment of the next wave

60
Q

What are oocytes formed from

A

Oogonium

61
Q

What is the purpose of oocytes going thru arrest

A

So they are able to remain unfertilized for a long period of time and so that only one ovulates at a time

62
Q

What developmental stages of oogenesis involve mitotic division

A

PGC, oogonia, and primary oocyte

63
Q

When do oocytes start individually develop out of their arrest periods eventually undergoing ovulation

A

Puberty

64
Q

What causes the meiotic arresst

A

Increased levels of cAMP

65
Q

What are the three things that cause an increase in cAMP

A

Oocytes natural production, cAMP is trasferred from gonad granulosa cells, and cGMP from granulosa cells inhibits PDE

66
Q

What is PDE and what is its function

A

Phospho diesterase enzyme and it inhibits cAMP

67
Q

How do you know an oocyte is undergoing arrest

A

The germinal vesicle is still present

68
Q

What is the GVBD phase

A

When the germinal vesicle membrane gets broken down

69
Q

How do you know an oocyte is undergoing metaphase 2

A

A polar body is present

70
Q

How many polar bodies are present druring fertilization

A

Two

71
Q

When an oocyte under go meiosis 2

A

At fertilization

72
Q

What causes Metaphse 2 arrest

A

Cyclin B

73
Q

What is the only thing that can break arrest

A

Ca2+ rise initiated by fertilizing sperm

74
Q

What is follicular/oocyte communication

A

Gap junctions

75
Q

What is the gap junction connecting the granulosa cells and oocyte together made of

A

Proteins called connexons composed of 6 subunits

76
Q

How are granulosa cells and the oocytre connected

A

Pores formed by a gap junction connecting their cytoplasm togther allowing for direct communication and transfering small molecules

77
Q

How are large molecules communicated between granulosa cells and the oocyte

A

Paracrine secretions

78
Q

What are the roles the oocyte plays in follicle growth

A

Secretes GDF9, affects granulosa cell differentiation, energy/metabolic function, follicle cell growth/division, and producing proteins for the zona pellicuda

79
Q

What is the pressure theory

A

That as the follicle keeps growing the internal pressure increases causing a rupture aka ovulation

80
Q

What is the BP theory

A

BP increases increasing follicular pressure leading to ovulation

81
Q

What is the smooth muscle contraction contribuation in ovulation

A

The retraction of smooth muscle increase pressure causing follicular rupture

82
Q

What is the proteolytic activity theory

A

Collagenous layer forms around the follicle that enzymes degrade increasing the proteolyic activity of the follicle

83
Q

What does LH do to cGMP

A

It increases it in granulosa cells but reduces production and transport to oocytes in ovulatory follicles

84
Q

What are the two functions of LH

A

Developing the CL and ovulation

85
Q

What does LH do to an oocyte

A

Inhibits the gap junction decreasing cAMP leading to maturation

86
Q

What are important regulators of ovulation

A

LH/LH receptor, prostaglandins, progesterone, EGF, and oocyte

87
Q

What are the three things that occur directly after the LH surge

A

Increase in BP to ovary/follicle, protein synthesis changes in and around the follicle, and cumulus expansion

88
Q

What are the four things that directly cause ovulation to occur

A

Follicular pressure, contraction of smooth muscle, follicular wall weakens, and cumulus expansion

89
Q

What three things occur during protein synthesis in a follicle

A

Progesterone is produced, plasminogen activator works, prostaglandin synthesis of PGE and PGF

90
Q

What is the primary function of the CL

A

To secrete progesterone

91
Q

Is the CL permanent

A

No, it will only stay while pregnant

92
Q

What are the steps of CL formation

A

Hypetrophy of granulosa and theca cells, folding of the follicular wall, angiogenesis, breakdown of the basement membrane, pushing of the cells towards the center, and lutenization

93
Q

What is angiogensis

A

Formation of new blood vessels giving the red color

94
Q

What cells get pushed togther to form luteum cells

A

Granulosa and theca cells

95
Q

What type of luteal cells do granulosa cells become

A

Large

96
Q

What type of luteal cells do theca cells become

A

Small

97
Q

What are the four steps to angiogenesis

A

Basement membrane breakdown, production of angiogenic factors by granulosa cells, mitosis and migration of endothelial cells, and capillary tube formation

98
Q

What truly stimulates angiogenesis

A

Production of angiogenic factors

99
Q

What is the first formation of the CL called

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

100
Q

What is the last stage of the CL called

A

Corpus albicans

101
Q

Why is the corpus albicans white

A

The degrading function of vasoconstriction

102
Q

What are all the functions of the CL

A

Secreting progesterone/oxytocin, maintains pregnancy, stimulates mammary development, and controls the ovarian cycle

103
Q

What does progesterone have a positive feedback on

A

The mammary gland, the uterus, and the uterus gland

104
Q

What does progesterone have a negative feedback on

A

The myometrium (circular and logitudinal layer), the tonic center, and the anterior pituitary

105
Q

What does the uterine gland secrete

A

Produces uterine milk to nourish the embryo prior to the placenta forming

106
Q

What hormone is secreted but the endometrium of the uterus to degrade the CL

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

107
Q

How does prostaglandin F2 alpha get to the CL if the uterine horn on that side is absent

A

The prostaglandin has to move through the blood stream of the body being metablized in the lungs which in most species does not leave much prostaglandin to affect the CL

108
Q

In horses does the uterine horn on the side without the fetus still produce prostaglandin F2 alpha

A

Yes

109
Q

What does the embryo do in mares to stop the production of prostaglandin F2 alpha

A

It moves between both sides of the uterus

110
Q

Describe the hormonal cycle of estous

A

The dominant follicle produces estradiol trigging the LH surge resulting in ovulation. Once ovulation occurs the forming CL then starts producing a steady amount of progesterone. FSH is produced in low levels along with estrogen as some small follicles form but are then degraded due to the presence of a CL and the progesterone it produces. If the animal is not pregnant by day 17 the endometrium of the uterus will produce waves of PGF2 alpha to degrade the CL decreasing the amount of progesterone alowing for an increase in estradiol starting the cycle all over again

111
Q

How long is the estrous cycle and estus in cows

A

21 days and 18 hrs

112
Q

How long is the estrous cycle and estrus in ewes

A

16 days and 35 hrs

113
Q

How long is the estrous cycle and estrus in sows

A

21 days and 56 hrs

114
Q

How long is the estrous cycle and estrus in mares

A

21 days and 6 days

Repro Phys (10 decks)

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