Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence or cessation of the menstrual cycle

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2
Q

Amovulatory estrus

A

Expression of estrus w/o ovulation

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3
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death as occurs during luteolysis

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4
Q

Anestrus

A

Absence of estrous cycles or a period of sexual inactivity between two breeding seasons

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5
Q

Antrum

A

A cavity formed by separation of follicular cells w/in which lies the oocyte lined by mural granulosa cells, and contains follicular fluid

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6
Q

Atresia

A

Degenerative changes undergone by unruptured follicles in the ovaries

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7
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

A pair of female glands homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands of the male located on each side of the urethral orifice that secrete lubricating mucus into the vestibule

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8
Q

Cervical os

A

Opening of the cervix

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9
Q

Contralateral

A

Refers to being on the opposite side

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10
Q

Cumulus cells

A

Granulosa cells located in the vicinity of the oocyte

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11
Q

Cyst

A

A vesicle or sac containing a fluid or semisolid substance

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12
Q

Dilate

A

To distend or widen beyond normal limits

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13
Q

Edema

A

Presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body

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14
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer of the wall of the uterus consisting of the epithelial lining of the lumen, the glandular layer, and connective tissue

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15
Q

Follicular wave

A

Bovine follicles grow in waves starting w/ recruitment of small follicles followed by selection of a single follicle to continue growing next the selected follicle becomes dominant in size resulting in the other follicles growth being inhibited. A new wave begins when the dominant follicle loses its dominance. Waves occur before puberty and continue during pregnancy and the postpartum anestrous period. 2-3 waves occur/estrous cycle

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16
Q

Recruitment

A

Refers to the first stage of a follicular wave during which a group of small follicles begin to grow from a pool of antral follicles

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17
Q

Selection

A

Occurs approximately 36-48 hrs after the initiation of recruitment at which time one follicle becomes larger than the others in the group the rest degenerate

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18
Q

Dominance

A

Characterized by the growth of the selected follicle into a dominant follicle. The follicle is dominant in terms of its size and influence over other follicles. A new follicular wave cannot be initated until the dominant follicle loses its dominance.

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19
Q

Gamete

A

A germ cell of either sex

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20
Q

Hyperemia

A

Excess of blood in any part the body aka congestion of blood

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21
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Excessive increase in size of an organ or tissue as from unusual stimulation

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22
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

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23
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Refers to being on the same side

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24
Q

Luteolysis

A

The process of the CL regression and death

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25
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

The process by which the embryo signals its presence to the mother

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26
Q

Menstraul Cycle

A

Reproductive cycle occuring in humans and some other species of primates in the absence of pregnancy

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27
Q

Menopause

A

Termination of menstrual cycles due to a decrease in ovarian follicles below a threshold level

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28
Q

Menstruation

A

Regular sloughing of the endometrial lining that occurs near the end of a nonpregnant menstraul cycle

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29
Q

Mural granulosa cells

A

The granulosa cells that make up the wall of the Graafian follicle

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30
Q

Myometrium

A

The muscluar substance of the uterus consisting of three layers, internal circular layer, external longitudinal layer, and separating these the vascular layer

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31
Q

Necrosis

A

Form of cell death resulting from damage to the cell or tissue

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32
Q

Oogenesis

A

The cell division including meiosis, through which the germ cells of the female pass before they are mature and ready for fertilization

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33
Q

Ostium

A

Opening of a tubular organ such as the oviduct

34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The engulfing of micro organisms cells or foreign particles by certain cells

35
Q

Polyploidy

A

The state of possessing more than two full sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell

36
Q

Portal system

A

Set of blood vessels carrying the blood between two organs

37
Q

Progestational

A

Phase of estrous cycle when the CL is active and the endometrium is under the influence or progesterone

38
Q

Puberty

A

Refers to a developmental process during which a species attains the ability to reproduce

39
Q

Silent ovulation

A

Ovulation w/o behavioral estrus

40
Q

Stigma

A

The site of follicular rupture on the graafian follicle wall at ovulation

41
Q

Stroma

A

The tissue that makes up framework ground substance or matrix of an organ

42
Q

Unilateral

A

Refiers to being on the same side

43
Q

Vitellus

A

Cytoplasm of an oocyte

44
Q

Vitelline membrane

A

The plasma membrane of the oocyte

45
Q

Zona pellucida

A

A thick mucoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte

46
Q

Gonadotropin independent

A

Initial development occurs independent of gonadrotropins how much they can grow varies w/ species

47
Q

Gonadotropin responsive

A

Follicles can responde to gonadotropins but gonadotropin stimulus is not required for follicle growth

48
Q

Gonadotropin dependent

A

Follicles have been stimulated to grow towards ovulation and removal of gonadotropins results in atresia

49
Q

Initial recruitment

A

Preimordial follicular pool recruited into the pool of growing follicles in a continous manner (gonadotropin independent)

50
Q

Cyclic recruitment

A

A group of antral follicles are recruited to grow towards ovulation during a specific estrous cycle (gonadotropin dependent)

51
Q

What does atesia allow to happen

A

The LH surge

52
Q

What causes follicles to degress

A

Decrease in FSH

53
Q

What causes the decrease in FSH during selection

A

Negative feedback from estradiol and inhibin

54
Q

What does low FSH prevent

A

Recruitment of the next wave

55
Q

When does the oocyte enter its arrest period

A

Until puberty then one oocyte undergoes ovulation at a time

56
Q

How is oogonium produced

A

By PGC going through a mitotic division

57
Q

Why do all oocytes go through an arrest period

A

So that they can remain for a long period of time and so only one oocyte ovulates at a time

58
Q

What stages of oogenesis undergo mitotic division

A

PGC, oogonia, and primary oocyte

59
Q

What causes arrest to happen

A

Increased levels of cAMP

60
Q

What are the three things that causes cAMP to increase

A

cAMP is produced in the oocyte, is transfered from the gonad granulosa cells, and cGMP from granulosa cells inhibits PDE

61
Q

What is PDE and what does it do

A

Phospho diesterase enzyme inhibits cAMP

62
Q

What shows that an oocyte is in metaphase 2

A

A polar body is present

63
Q

What is a sign that the oocyte is arrested

A

The nucles is present in the germinal vesicle

64
Q

What is GVBD

A

Geminal vesical break down is when the membrane nucleus starts getting brokedown

65
Q

How many polar bodies are present during fertilization

A

2

66
Q

What causes metaphase 2 arrest

A

CDK1/cyclin B

67
Q

What breaks metaphase arrest

A

Ca2+ rise initiated by the fertilizing of the sperm resulting in the degration of cyclin B

68
Q

What are the granulosa cells and the oocyte connected through

A

gap junctions

69
Q

What are gap proteins consisted of

A

Proteins and 6 subunits

70
Q

How do gap junctions connect the granulosa cell to the oocyte

A

Creates a pore connecting the cytoplasm of the two cell types

71
Q

What does the oocyte do in follicle growth

A

Secreting GDF-9, affects granulosa cell differentiation, affects energy/metabolic function of granulosa cells, increases follicle cell growth/division, and produces proteins for formation of Zona Pellicuda

72
Q

What is the pressure theory

A

Follicle keeps growing increasing pressure over time inside the follicle causing rupture

73
Q

What is the BP and follicular pressure theory

A

As BP increases follicular pressure increase leadig to ovulation

74
Q

How does smooth muscle contraction affect ovulation

A

The retraction of smooth muscle increases pressure causing the follicle to rupture

75
Q

What is the proteolytic activity theory

A

Enzymes degrade the collagenous layer increasing proteolytic activity allowing for ovulation to occur

76
Q

What does LH do to cGMP in ovulatory follicles

A

It increases cGMP in granulosa cells but reduces cGMP production and transport to oocytes

77
Q

What are important regulators of ovulation

A

LH, prostaglandins, progesterone, EGF, and oocyte

78
Q

What does ovulation always start w/

A

Preovulatory LH surge

79
Q

What four things cause ovulation

A

Follicular pressure, contraction of smooth muscle, follicular wall weakens, and cumulus expansion

80
Q

What three things directly follow the LH surge

A

Cumulus expansion, protein synthesis changes in and around follicle, and increase blood flow to ovary and follicle

81
Q

What three things stem from protein synthesis changes in and around the follicle

A

Progesterone, plasminogen activator, and prostaglandin synthesis PGE and PGF