Quiz 4 Flashcards
Amenorrhea
Absence or cessation of the menstrual cycle
Amovulatory estrus
Expression of estrus w/o ovulation
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death as occurs during luteolysis
Anestrus
Absence of estrous cycles or a period of sexual inactivity between two breeding seasons
Antrum
A cavity formed by separation of follicular cells w/in which lies the oocyte lined by mural granulosa cells, and contains follicular fluid
Atresia
Degenerative changes undergone by unruptured follicles in the ovaries
Bartholin’s glands
A pair of female glands homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands of the male located on each side of the urethral orifice that secrete lubricating mucus into the vestibule
Cervical os
Opening of the cervix
Contralateral
Refers to being on the opposite side
Cumulus cells
Granulosa cells located in the vicinity of the oocyte
Cyst
A vesicle or sac containing a fluid or semisolid substance
Dilate
To distend or widen beyond normal limits
Edema
Presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body
Endometrium
Inner layer of the wall of the uterus consisting of the epithelial lining of the lumen, the glandular layer, and connective tissue
Follicular wave
Bovine follicles grow in waves starting w/ recruitment of small follicles followed by selection of a single follicle to continue growing next the selected follicle becomes dominant in size resulting in the other follicles growth being inhibited. A new wave begins when the dominant follicle loses its dominance. Waves occur before puberty and continue during pregnancy and the postpartum anestrous period. 2-3 waves occur/estrous cycle
Recruitment
Refers to the first stage of a follicular wave during which a group of small follicles begin to grow from a pool of antral follicles
Selection
Occurs approximately 36-48 hrs after the initiation of recruitment at which time one follicle becomes larger than the others in the group the rest degenerate
Dominance
Characterized by the growth of the selected follicle into a dominant follicle. The follicle is dominant in terms of its size and influence over other follicles. A new follicular wave cannot be initated until the dominant follicle loses its dominance.
Gamete
A germ cell of either sex
Hyperemia
Excess of blood in any part the body aka congestion of blood
Hypertrophy
Excessive increase in size of an organ or tissue as from unusual stimulation
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
Ipsilateral
Refers to being on the same side
Luteolysis
The process of the CL regression and death
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
The process by which the embryo signals its presence to the mother
Menstraul Cycle
Reproductive cycle occuring in humans and some other species of primates in the absence of pregnancy
Menopause
Termination of menstrual cycles due to a decrease in ovarian follicles below a threshold level
Menstruation
Regular sloughing of the endometrial lining that occurs near the end of a nonpregnant menstraul cycle
Mural granulosa cells
The granulosa cells that make up the wall of the Graafian follicle
Myometrium
The muscluar substance of the uterus consisting of three layers, internal circular layer, external longitudinal layer, and separating these the vascular layer
Necrosis
Form of cell death resulting from damage to the cell or tissue
Oogenesis
The cell division including meiosis, through which the germ cells of the female pass before they are mature and ready for fertilization
Ostium
Opening of a tubular organ such as the oviduct
Phagocytosis
The engulfing of micro organisms cells or foreign particles by certain cells
Polyploidy
The state of possessing more than two full sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell
Portal system
Set of blood vessels carrying the blood between two organs
Progestational
Phase of estrous cycle when the CL is active and the endometrium is under the influence or progesterone
Puberty
Refers to a developmental process during which a species attains the ability to reproduce
Silent ovulation
Ovulation w/o behavioral estrus
Stigma
The site of follicular rupture on the graafian follicle wall at ovulation
Stroma
The tissue that makes up framework ground substance or matrix of an organ
Unilateral
Refiers to being on the same side
Vitellus
Cytoplasm of an oocyte
Vitelline membrane
The plasma membrane of the oocyte
Zona pellucida
A thick mucoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte
Gonadotropin independent
Initial development occurs independent of gonadrotropins how much they can grow varies w/ species
Gonadotropin responsive
Follicles can responde to gonadotropins but gonadotropin stimulus is not required for follicle growth
Gonadotropin dependent
Follicles have been stimulated to grow towards ovulation and removal of gonadotropins results in atresia
Initial recruitment
Preimordial follicular pool recruited into the pool of growing follicles in a continous manner (gonadotropin independent)
Cyclic recruitment
A group of antral follicles are recruited to grow towards ovulation during a specific estrous cycle (gonadotropin dependent)
What does atesia allow to happen
The LH surge
What causes follicles to degress
Decrease in FSH
What causes the decrease in FSH during selection
Negative feedback from estradiol and inhibin
What does low FSH prevent
Recruitment of the next wave
When does the oocyte enter its arrest period
Until puberty then one oocyte undergoes ovulation at a time
How is oogonium produced
By PGC going through a mitotic division
Why do all oocytes go through an arrest period
So that they can remain for a long period of time and so only one oocyte ovulates at a time
What stages of oogenesis undergo mitotic division
PGC, oogonia, and primary oocyte
What causes arrest to happen
Increased levels of cAMP
What are the three things that causes cAMP to increase
cAMP is produced in the oocyte, is transfered from the gonad granulosa cells, and cGMP from granulosa cells inhibits PDE
What is PDE and what does it do
Phospho diesterase enzyme inhibits cAMP
What shows that an oocyte is in metaphase 2
A polar body is present
What is a sign that the oocyte is arrested
The nucles is present in the germinal vesicle
What is GVBD
Geminal vesical break down is when the membrane nucleus starts getting brokedown
How many polar bodies are present during fertilization
2
What causes metaphase 2 arrest
CDK1/cyclin B
What breaks metaphase arrest
Ca2+ rise initiated by the fertilizing of the sperm resulting in the degration of cyclin B
What are the granulosa cells and the oocyte connected through
gap junctions
What are gap proteins consisted of
Proteins and 6 subunits
How do gap junctions connect the granulosa cell to the oocyte
Creates a pore connecting the cytoplasm of the two cell types
What does the oocyte do in follicle growth
Secreting GDF-9, affects granulosa cell differentiation, affects energy/metabolic function of granulosa cells, increases follicle cell growth/division, and produces proteins for formation of Zona Pellicuda
What is the pressure theory
Follicle keeps growing increasing pressure over time inside the follicle causing rupture
What is the BP and follicular pressure theory
As BP increases follicular pressure increase leadig to ovulation
How does smooth muscle contraction affect ovulation
The retraction of smooth muscle increases pressure causing the follicle to rupture
What is the proteolytic activity theory
Enzymes degrade the collagenous layer increasing proteolytic activity allowing for ovulation to occur
What does LH do to cGMP in ovulatory follicles
It increases cGMP in granulosa cells but reduces cGMP production and transport to oocytes
What are important regulators of ovulation
LH, prostaglandins, progesterone, EGF, and oocyte
What does ovulation always start w/
Preovulatory LH surge
What four things cause ovulation
Follicular pressure, contraction of smooth muscle, follicular wall weakens, and cumulus expansion
What three things directly follow the LH surge
Cumulus expansion, protein synthesis changes in and around follicle, and increase blood flow to ovary and follicle
What three things stem from protein synthesis changes in and around the follicle
Progesterone, plasminogen activator, and prostaglandin synthesis PGE and PGF
