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Psychology > Vocab 101-150 > Flashcards

Vocab 101-150 Flashcards

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1
Q

What word refers to the small group of people out of a total population being studied?

A

Sample

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2
Q

One way to avoid a non-representative sample is to give each individual an equal chance of being represented. What is this called?

A

Random Sampling

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3
Q

The extent to which the sample differs from the population is known as what?

A

Sampling Error

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4
Q

What term refers to subgroups in the population being proportionately represented in the sample?

A

Stratified Sampling

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5
Q

Research method in which the psychologist observes or subject in a natural setting without interfering

A

Naturalistic Observation

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6
Q

Research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants

A

Case Study

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7
Q

Research method in which data is collected about a sample over a number of years

A

Longitudinal Study

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8
Q

Research method in which data is collected from people of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age

A

Cross-Sectional Study

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9
Q

Research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions

A

Survey

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10
Q

Any factor that is capable of change

A

Variable

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11
Q

The measure of a relationship between two variables

A

Correlation

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12
Q

What kind of correlation exists when both variables move in the same direction?

A

Positive Correlation

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13
Q

What kind of correlation exists when both variables move in opposite directions?

A

Negative Correlation

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14
Q

What is the only kind of research method which establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables?

A

Experiment

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15
Q

In an experiment, which group receives the independent variable?

A

Experimental Group

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16
Q

In an experiment, which group does not receive the independent variable?

A

Control Group

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17
Q

What is an experiment called in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment?

A

Single-Blind Experiment

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18
Q

What is an experiment called in which both the participants and the experimenter are unaware of which participants received the treatment?

A

Double-Blind Experiment

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19
Q

In an experiment, the variable controlled by the experimenter is called what?

A

Independent Variable

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20
Q

In an experiment, a change in the independent variable should produce a change in what other variable?

A

Dependent Variable

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21
Q

Any difference between the experimental condition and the control condition with the exception of the independent variable is known as what?

A

Confounding Variable

22
Q

Please name two kinds of confounding variables

A

Participant-Relevant
Situation-Relevant

23
Q

Explains how a variable will be measured

A

Operational Definition

24
Q

What two kinds of laboratory experiments can be conducted?

A

Laboratory
Field

25
Q

What are the two kinds of statistics?

A

Descriptive
Inferential

26
Q

What are the three measures of central tendency?

A

Mean
Median
Mode

27
Q

What are two other terms for a normal curve?

A

Bell Shaped Curve
Symmetrical Curve

28
Q

What percentage of the population falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean?

A

68%

29
Q

What percentage of the population falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean?

A

95%

30
Q

What percentage of the population falls within 3 standard deviations of the mean?

A

99%

31
Q

How do you calculate standard deviation?

A

Square root of the variance

32
Q

How do you calculate variance?

A

Square of SD

33
Q

What is the symbol for the Pearson correlation coefficient?

A

r

34
Q

What numbers represent a perfect correlation?

A

+1
-1

35
Q

What number represents no correlation?

A

0

36
Q

If the probability that results are due to chance is less than 5%, then the results are considered what?

A

Statistically Significant

37
Q

Upon hearing about research findings, people have a tendency to think they knew it all along

A

Hindsight Bias

38
Q

When a distribution of scores has one score that is very high, what is the distribution called?

A

Positively Skewed

39
Q

When a distribution of scores has one score that is very low, what is the distribution called?

A

Negatively Skewed

40
Q

What is the term for scores that measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation?

A

Z Scores

41
Q

Somebody who scores in the 90th percentile (percentiles will vary) on a test has scored better than what percentage of people who took the test?

A

90% (answers will vary)

42
Q

What is one way to graph a correlation?

A

Scatter Plot

43
Q

In a scatter plot, the closer the points om to falling on a straight line…

A

the stronger the correlation

44
Q

What is the line drawn through a scatter plot called?

A

The Line of Best Fit
Regression Line

45
Q

What does IRB stand for?

A

Institutional Review Board

46
Q

Ethical Standard: Participation must be voluntary

A

No Coercion

47
Q

Ethical Standard: Participants must know that they are involved in research and agree to be involved in the research

A

Informed Consent

48
Q

Ethical Standard: After the study, participants must be told the purpose of the study

A

Debreifing

49
Q

Ethical Standard: Participants’ privacy must be protected

A

Anonymity

50
Q

Some people thought Stanley Milgram’s Experiment on Obedience violated what ethical standard?

A

Risk

Psychology (16 decks)

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