Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RD Exam Domain 1 > Vitamins/Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins/Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A

A

Cartene– precursor, provitamin
Toxic Level: 10,000 U
Sources: yellow/orange fruits, green leafy veggies (cantaloupe, fish liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A
  1. Nyctalopia (night blindness)- reversible; detected using dark adaptation test
  2. Xeropthalmia- corneal damage, NOT reversible
  3. Hyperkeratosis- dry scaly skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vitamin D

A

Cholesterol is precursor, UV light
7-Dehydrocholesterol–> D3 cholecalciferol–> D2 ergocalciferol
Sources: Sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

Rickets (soft bones)

Osteomalacia (adult rickets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vitamin E

A

Known as tocopherol, functions as antioxidant
*One of the least toxic vits
UL 1000mgs
Sources: veg oils, whole grains, green veggies, almonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamin K

A

Synthesized by bacteria in lower GI tract
No toxicity symptoms
Aids in blood clotting (forms prothrombin in liver)
Given pre-surgery
Ca metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vitamin K Sources & Deficiency

A

Sources: spinach, kale, broccoli, green leafy veg
Def: Hemorrhage (slow clotting)
*affected by mineral oil, antibiotics, anticoagulants
Blood thinners- consistent vit K intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vitamin B1

Properties

A 
Thiamin 
water soluble 
*Lost in cooking as temp or pH rises
*Heat stable in acid 
*better maintained in meat when cooked/roasted at low end temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) 
Function & Sources
A
  • Oxidation of CHO (inc. CHO, inc. need for B1)
  • Metabolism of pyruvate
  • Grains, wheat germ, *pork, liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thiamin (B1) Deficiency

A

Beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia
- Elevated plasma pyruvate level indicates Thiamin def.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin
Lost in UV light (milk sold in opaque container)
Energy release from PROTEIN
RBC production
*Liver, kidney, meat, milk (animal protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency

A

Growth failure
*Cheilosis- cracked lips
*Angular stomatitis- mouth corner cracks
Magenta tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Niacin

A

Precursor: TYPTOPHAN
Metabolism of CHO, PRO & FAT
*protein, peanuts, cereal, chicken, rice, yeast, milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Niacin Deficiency

A

Pellegra
*Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 Ds)
Bright, red tongue
Symmetrical, pigmented rash in sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Folate

A

*Coenzyme for DNA synthesis
Forms RBC in bone marrow
Prevents neural tube defects
*fortified cereal, liver, kidney, leafy greens, citrus fruits, lentils, beans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Folate Deficiency

A

Megaloblastic, Macrocytic anemia

Diarrhea, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine
Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism (deamination/transamination- digestion & absorption)
Increase PRO= Increased pyridoxine
*meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, cereals

19
Q

Pyridoxine (B6) Deficiency

A

Seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy

20
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamin (contains cobalt)
Bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice
Coenzyme in PRO synthesis, Forms RBC
*animal proteins (liver, meat, milk, eggs, fish, cheese)

21
Q

Cyanocobalamin (B12) Deficiency

A

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia- after gastrectomy or removal of ileum–Due to lack of IF
*Deficiency rare

22
Q

Pantothenic acid

A 
Functions as Coenzyme A- in energy release
Synthesis of fatty acid (by intestinal bacteria) 
Rare deficiency (paresthesia in feet)
23
Q

Vitamin C- Ascorbic acid

A

Most easily destroyed vit, structure like glucose
Antioxidant
Needs acid pH
Destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation

24
Q

Vitamin C- Ascorbic acid

Functions/Sources

A

Changes proline into hydroxyproline into collagen, which strengthens intercellular substances

  • wound healing
  • aids iron absorption
  • citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark greens, yellow veggies
25
Q

Vitamin C- Ascorbic acid

Deficiency

A

Scurvy
poor wound healing
bleeding gums
petechiae

26
Q

Biotin

A

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg white)
*Coenzyme in FA synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
*liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast
Deficiency: muscle pain, dermatitis, glossitis

27
Q

Calcium

A

Most abundant mineral in body
Regulated by parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin lowers serum Ca by inhibiting bone reabsorption

28
Q

Calcium

Functions/sources/deficiency

A

Blood clotting, cardiac fn, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility
Dairy, leafy veggies, legumes
Def- hypcalcemia leads to tetany (irregular muscles contractions)

29
Q

Phosphorus

A 
Part of DNA molecule, RNA, ATP, 
*2nd most abundant mineral 
Phospolipids transport fat through lymph and blood
*bone/teeth 
*best source: animal proteins 
Def rare
30
Q

Iron

A 
Trace mineral 
Part of hemoglobin 
Food iron: ferric 
*MOST absorbable form: FERROUS 
Stored: ferritin (best assessment parameter for iron status) 
*Oxygen transport
31
Q

Iron Sources

A

Heme iron: animal foods, meat, fish poultry (MFP factor)
Non-heme: cereals, vegetables, poorly absorbed; absorption aided by gastric juice, vit C.
*Ca helps if oxalates are present (oxalates bind iron, Ca binds oxalates)
Does NOT aid absorption: eggs, tea, milk, cheese

32
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

Pale tongue, fatigue, anemia, *spoon-shaped nails

33
Q

Magnesium

A 
Part of chlorophyll 
50% in bone, 50% in cells 
*PRO and FA synthesis 
Stabilizes structure of ATP 
High PRO, Ca, Vit D increases need 
*most foods, milk, bread 
Def rare- tremors
34
Q

Zinc

A

Trace mineral

  • excess leads to copper or iron deficiency
  • increased taste acuity
  • enhances insulin action
  • animal proteins
35
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

reduced immune fn
alopecia
poor wound healing
hypogeusia

36
Q

Iodine

A

Trace mineral
Part of thyroxine
*seafoods, iodized salt
Def- goiter

37
Q

Fluoride

A

Trace mineral
teeth, bones
Source: soil, water
Def- dental caries

38
Q

Copper

A

Trace mineral
Attacher to protein- ceruplasmin
Hemoglobin synthesis
Aids in absorption
Source: liver, kidney, shellfish
Def- rare- microcytic anemia, neutropenia
*Wilson’s disease: low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme

39
Q

Selenium

A

Antioxidant
Cooperates with Vit E
Tissue respiration
*soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy

Def- myalgia, cardiac myopathy

40
Q

Managanese

A

CNS
whole grains, legumes, nuts
Def unlikely

41
Q

Chromium

A

Absorption enhanced by Vit C, niacin
Aids insulin action and required for glucose metabolism (Cr & Zn)
*yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver
Def- insulin resistance

42
Q

Cobalt

A

Exists with B12
Stored in liver
Maturation of RBC
Related to B12 def

43
Q

Sulfur

A

Occurs as 3 AAs
Component of organic molecules
*Animal protein sources ar best

44
Q

Choline

A

Component of lecithin
Transports lipids as acetylcholine
*Fat in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans

RD Exam Domain 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions