Domain I- Topic C: Research

Question 1

How many steps are there in research?

Answer 1

7

Question 2

Step 1 in research

Answer 2

(1) Identify a relevant and important topic; literature review

Question 3

Step 2 in research process

Answer 3

(2) Develop a well-considered research question.

Question 4

Step 3 in research process

Answer 4

(3) Research ? leads to a hypothesis.
* hypothesis is a prediction of a relationship
* null hypothesis= no relationship

Question 5

Step 4 in research process

Answer 5

(4) Prepare research protocol: methodology to solve the problem.

Question 6

Step 5 in research process

Answer 6

Organize methods and materials

Question 7

Step 6 in research process

Answer 7

Collect and analyze data

Question 8

Step 7 in research process

Answer 8

Study results and make decisions

Question 9

What are the parts of a research paper?

Answer 9

1. Abstract
2. General introduction
3. Review of existing literature
4. Methodology
5. Results
6. Discussion (interpretation of results)
7. Conclusion
8. Implications (applied in practice)

Question 10

What type of research describes a state of nature at a point in time and establishes associations among factors, but does NOT prove cause/effect.

Answer 10

Descriptive research

Question 11

Qualitative research, case report, and surveys are what type of research?

Answer 11

Descriptive research

Question 12

Research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population and defined time frame; pinpoints problems.

Answer 12

Surveys

Question 13

Type of research that tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows cause/effect relationship to be determined.

Answer 13

Analytical research

Question 14

Experimental model, Quasi-experiemental design, cohort studies, case control studies and cross-sectional studies are what type of research?

Answer 14

Analytical

Question 15

The _______ model uses experimental and control groups. The control does not receive treatment or receives a placebo.

Answer 15

Experimental model

Question 16

The Quasi-experimental design involves _____ _____, which is a series of measurements at periodic intervals before and after the program. It shows whether measurements before and after are a continuation of previous patterns or whether they indicate noteworthy change.

Answer 16

time series

Question 17

This type of study follows a group through a time to see if they develop a specific disease. It’s sometimes called incidence studies tracking the frequency of new cases of a disease.

Answer 17

cohort studies

Question 18

These studies focus on a specific disease. Those with the disease are compared to those without the disease, but have similar characteristics; studies how they differ.

Answer 18

case control studies

Question 19

This study collects data ONE time. It is sometimes called prevalence study (ALL cases of a disease among a group in a specific time); gives a snap-shot look at one particular time period (present time, not past).

Answer 19

Cross-sectional study

Question 20

The ability to measure phenomenon it intends to measure.

Answer 20

relevance or validity

Question 21

______ validity tests whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experiment group really performed differently).

Answer 21

Internal validity

Question 22

______ validity tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a large population.

Answer 22

external validity

Question 23

ANOVA

Answer 23

Analysis of variance; tool used to evaluate validity (need >2 samples).
*used when several products compete against one another.

Question 24

Consistency or reproducibility of test results

Answer 24

Reliability

Question 25

Variables that fit into a category with no special order (gender, race, marital status)

Answer 25

Nominal variables (non-ordered)

Question 26

variables that are compared with each other and put in order, perhaps from best to worst, state of disease from 1-4)

Answer 26

Rank order (ordinal scale)

Question 27

______ variables are outcomes.

______ variables are what you manipulate in your study.

Answer 27

Dependent; Independent

*effect of cholesterol levels (independent) have on heart attacks (dependent)

Question 28

Simple average of data

Answer 28

arithmetic mean

-total the values of all observations and divide the # of observations

Question 29

Value at the midpoint

Answer 29

Median

• if there is an even amount of numbers, the median is the average of the 2 numbers closest in the center
• ex. 12 15 17 19 21 23 24 24 30 32 (median is 22)

Question 30

Most frequent occurring value; prediction most likely to be right.

Answer 30

Mode

*if there is no # repeated, there is no mode.

Question 31

Difference between the lowest and highest values in the distribution.

Answer 31

Range

*Subtract lower from higher value

Question 32

Most significant measure of distribution; indicates degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution.

Answer 32

standard deviation

• has curve of normal distribution as it falls away from its peak on either side.
• distance between the mean and the point of inflection on either side is = to SD.

Question 33

About 2/3 (68%) of all observations in a normal distribution lie within ___ SD of the mean.

Answer 33

1 SD

• 32% lie outside the range (16% below, 16% above the range)
• 95% lie within 2 SD either side of the mean

Question 34

The closer the points to the line, the stronger the degree of ______ relationship. This is called ______ _______ ______.

Answer 34

linear relationship

linear correlation coefficient (r)

Question 35

There is no linear relationship if r= ___.

Answer 35

0

Question 36

Perfect positive correlation is ____. Perfect negative correlation is ____.

Answer 36

+1; -1

Question 37

The lower the p value, the HIGHER/LOWER the significance of your results.

Answer 37

HIGHER

Question 38

What does p < or = 0.05 indicate? <.0001?

Answer 38

significant difference, results are reliable

very, very significant difference, reliable results