Nutrient and energy needs throughout the Lifespan

Question 1

How much weight should a pregnant woman gain for normal wt, underwt, overwt and obese?

Answer 1

normal- 25-35lbs
underweight- 28-40lbs
overweight- 15-25lbs
obese- 11-20lbs 
*goal- at least lower limit

Question 2

Who should strive to achieve upper end to reduce risk?

Answer 2

black women and very young women

Question 3

Proper weight gain during pregnancy:

Who is at risk?

Answer 3

1 lb/month X first 3 months
1lb/week therafter
At risk- failure to gain 4lbs (1.8kg)/month in last half of pregnancy; =35 years; 12 months between pregnancies

Question 4

A pregnant adolescent is at high risk and needs extra…(3 nutrients)

Answer 4

Fe, Ca, Zn

Question 5

How much DHA does the 2002 DRIs recommend for pregnancy and lactation? What is DHA needed for?

Answer 5

Pregnancy- 1.4g/day DHA
Lactation- 1.3g/day
Omega-3’s are needed for development of fetal nervous system (brain development)

Question 6

Birth weight:

Normal, LBW, VLBW, ELBW

Answer 6

Normal BW= 2500-4000 grams (5.5-8.8lb)
Low BW= < 5.5lbs)
Very Low BW= < 3.3lbs)
Extremely Low BW= < 2.2lb)

Question 7

Calorie, protein and water/unit wt needs
0-6 months
7-12 months

Answer 7

0-6 mo: ~550 kcal, 9.1g pro, 125-155ml/kg

7-12 mo- ~700 kcal, 11g pro, 1.5ml/kcal
*min of 30g fat/day for both

Question 8

Maternal hormones from pituitary:

1. stimulates milk production
2. moves milk through ducts

Answer 8

1. prolactin

2. oxytocin

Question 9

Yellowish transparent fluid secreted from the breast during first few days;

• meets infants needs during first week
• more pro, less fat & CHO than mature milk
• antibodies

Answer 9

Colostrum

Question 10

Exclusive BF is recommended for the first __-__ months, then supplemented by weaning foods for AT LEAST up to ___ months.

Answer 10

4-6 mo

up to 12 months

Question 11

What do BF infants need in addition?

Answer 11

400IU Vitamin D
0.25mg fluoride/day after months of age if water contains inadequate fluoride (formula fed infants only need Fl supp after 6 mo)

Question 12

Milk supply is adequate if…

Answer 12

infant gains wt and lgth
frequent stools
6-8 wet diapers/day

Question 13

When can solids be introduced?

Answer 13

At 4-6 months, when sitting posture can be sustained and extrusion reflex diminishes

1. cereal
2. veggies or fruit

Question 14

Those who can not tolerate cow’s milk-based or soy products, use ______.

Answer 14

casein hydrosylate (Pregestimil)

Question 15

Growth chart that detects short term changes in nutritional status and used to distinguish between stunting and wasting.

Answer 15

Weight for length/height

Question 16

Growth chart that reflects long term nutritional status; determines extent of stunting. It is affected by long term nutritional stress or chronic illness.

Answer 16

Length/Height for age

Question 17

This growth parameter is not very useful and not used to classify under/over weight; short term marker of growth and affected by acute nutritional status or illness. CANNOT distinguish between stunting and wasting because it does not include height. Further eval if 95th.

Answer 17

Weight for age

Question 18

Overweight and obese are defined by…

Answer 18

Overweight- 85th-95th%ile BMI/age

Obese- >95th%ile BMI/age or BMI >30

Question 19

Head circumference should be measured until age __. Supine length (lying down) should be measured until age ___.

Answer 19

3; 2

Question 20

4th-5th month, BW should be_____.
By one year, BW should be _____.
and length should increase ___%.
By year 2, BW should be ___ and length up __%.

Answer 20

doubled
tripled, 50%
quadrupled, 75%

Question 21

Symptoms of lead poisoning

Answer 21

irritability 
lethargy 
anorexia
vomiting 
diarrhea

Question 22

RDA for protein adults >=19 (M/F)

Answer 22

Males- 56 grams

Females- 46 grams

Question 23

Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

Answer 23

CHO: 45-65%
FAT: 20-35%
PRO: 10-35%

Question 24

The elderly often lack _____ and ____ due to…

Answer 24

Calcium and iron; due to decreased absorption 2/2 decreased HCL

Question 25

Want to encourage elderly to consume ____-rich foods and possibly supplements of ___ and ___.

Answer 25

folate-rich foods

B6 and B12

Question 26

How much water do athletes need during physical activity?

Answer 26

16oz water for every 1 lb body weight lost

Question 27

At rest and during normal activity, ___ are the primary energy source.

Answer 27

Fats (80-90%)
CHO (5-18%)
Pro (2-5%)

Question 28

During prolonged exercise, reliance on CHO to provide ______ for continued lipid oxidation.

Answer 28

PYRUVATE