Nutrition and supporting sciences

Question 1

MEq=

Answer 1

mg/atomic wt X valence

Question 2

AW & Valence of Na, K, Ca

Answer 2

Na 23, 1
K 39, 1
Ca 40, 2

Question 3

Extracellular electrolytes

Answer 3

Na+, Ca++, Cl-, HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Question 4

Intracellular electrolytes

Answer 4

K+, Mg++, P

Question 5

NaCl is ___% Na

Answer 5

40%

Question 6

How many grams of NaCl are in 1 tsp salt?

Answer 6

6 grams NaCl

Question 7

What does hyperkalemia cause?

Answer 7

cardiac irregularities

Question 8

Normal range of sodium and potassium

Answer 8

Na+- 136-145 mEq/L

K+- 3.5-5 mEq/L

Question 9

Difference between osmosis and diffusion?

Answer 9

Osmosis- fluid moves from LESS–> MORE concentrated side of membrane
Diffusion- fluid moves from MORE–>LESS concentrated side

Question 10

Low serum protein leads to…

Answer 10

edema and ascites

Question 11

Anasarca

Answer 11

• Extreme, generalized edema and widespread swelling of skin due to effusion of fluid into extracellular space
• Associated with heart, liver, renal failure and extreme pro/kcal malnutrition

Question 12

What is the BEST assessment parameter for fluid status?

Answer 12

Serum sodium

Question 13

Hypernatremia is associated with ____.

Hyponatremia is associated with _____.

Answer 13

Dehydration

Over-hydration

Question 14

Acid-base balance is the regulation of ____.

Answer 14

hydrogen concentration

Question 15

Acid releases/takes up H+?

Base releases/takes up H+?

Answer 15

Acid releases

Base takes up

Question 16

A buffer is a mix of acid and base to protect against strong acid or base.
A major buffer is made up of:

Answer 16

carbonic acid (H2CO2) 
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Question 17

What controls the supply of carbonic acid?

Bicarbonate (base)?

Answer 17

Lungs- carbonic acid
- hypoventilation- retention of acid, hyper- loss of acid
Kidneys- bicarbonate
- regulate H+ secretion and HCO3 reabsorption

Question 18

Lungs and kidneys try to keep pH balance of ___. How do they do this and why?

Answer 18

A change in one side of the buffer brings about a compensatory change in the other side to maintain balance; maintain pH of 7.4. Balanced pH is important for many reactions in the body

Question 19

CO2 retention in lungs leads to kidneys inc. absorption of base

Answer 19

Respiratory acidosis (retention of acid– need more base to balance pH)

• hypoventilation (breath slower)
• emphysema

Question 20

Loss of CO2,H2O in lungs leads to kidneys excrete base

Answer 20

Respiratory alkalosis (loss of carbonic acids leads to higher levels of base in lungs so kidneys excrete base to balance out)

• hyperventilation
• anxiety, sever exercise (inc breathing)

Question 21

Kidneys excrete excess base (uremia, diarrhea)

-uncontrolled DM, starvation, high fat or low CHO diet

Answer 21

Metabolic acidosis (too much acid in kidneys)
Need to breath more to get carbonic acid out to balance pH (respiration increases to expel CO2- hyperventilation)

Question 22

Abnormal retention of base in kidneys

• vomiting
• loss of acid
• diuretics
• loss of chloride

Answer 22

Metabolic alkalosis (too much base) 
-need to retain carbonic acid in lungs; hypoventilation- respiration decreases

Question 23

3 step process to evaluate acid-base balance

Answer 23

1. Check pH
2. Check pCO2 (blood gas)- measures CO2 (lungs)
3. check HCOs- measures base (kidney fn)

Question 24

Normal range for pH, HCO3, pCO2

Answer 24

pH- 7.4 (acidosis 7.4)
HCO3- 24-28 (kidneys)
pCO3- 35-45 (lungs)