Principles of normal human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry

Question 1

Glands in the mouth that secrete saliva (3)

Answer 1

parotid
submaxillary
sublingual

Question 2

Upper part of stomach that holds bulk of food:

Lower part of stomach where most digestion in stomach occurs

Answer 2

Fundus; pyloric region

Question 3

The start of ____ happens in the stomach by ___ and ____.

Answer 3

proteolysis by protease pepsin and HCL

*limited starch hydrolysis by salivary amylase

Question 4

Hormone that stimulates gastric secretions and motility

Answer 4

Gastrin

Question 5

Hormone that is released from duodenum when fat enters, contracts gallbladder releasing bile, stims pancreas

Answer 5

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Question 6

What does the hormone secretin do?

Answer 6

Stimulates flow of pancreatic juice (bicarbonate) and water into duodenum; inhibits gastrin secretion

Question 7

Hormones released from intestine in presence of glucose and fat, stims insulin synthesis and release

Answer 7

GLP-1 and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide )

Question 8

Gastric emptying of meal usually takes between __ and __ hours.

Answer 8

2-6 hours

Question 9

CHO-rich and Pro-rich foods empty at same rate. What foods empty at slower rate?

Answer 9

High fat foods and complex CHO (especially soluble fibers

Question 10

Where is most of digestion completed?

Answer 10

middle of jejunum

Question 11

Vitamins synthesized by bacteria in colon include:

Answer 11

Vit K, B12, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2) - used by mucosal cells

Question 12

anaerobic fermentation and absorption of end products of CHO, fiber and AA breakdown is called..

Answer 12

colonic salvage

Question 13

Bacterial digestion converts fibers into….which stimulate water and sodium absorption in the colon, which provides substrates for energy production

Answer 13

SCFAs: acetate, butyrate, proprionate

Question 14

Summarize digestion in mouth

Answer 14

CHO is digested by amylase (starch–>dextrin–> maltose)

Fat & Pro- mechanical

Question 15

Summary of digestion in stomach

Answer 15

CHO- action in mouth continued
Fat- mechanical 
Pro- proteolysis
1. pepsinogen + HCL--> pepsin 
2. pepsin acts on protein--> proteose, peptones

Question 16

Digestion in small intestine: CHO

Answer 16

CHO- pancreatic amylase (starch->dextrin->maltose)
Intestinal:
sucrase: Sucrose-> glu + fru 
maltase: Maltose-> glu+glu
lactase: Lactose-> glu + gal

Question 17

What order are enzymes for CHO digestion available?

Answer 17

1. maltase, sucrase
2. lactase
3. pancreatic amylase

Question 18

The most glucogenic AA

Answer 18

Alanine

Question 19

Dietary sources of glucose

Answer 19

100% CHO
58% protein (glucongenic AAs)
10% fat (glycerol can be converted to glu)
*FAs and muscle glycogen DO NOT contribute to the body’s supply of glucose

Question 20

Hormone from BETA cells of pancreas

• inc. cell permeability to glucose
• fosters glycogenesis, lipogensis

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

Hormone from ALPHA cells of pancreas

-induces glycogenolysis (glycogen–>glucose)

Answer 21

glucagon

Question 22

Hormone that stimulates gluconeogensis (pro–>glucose)

Answer 22

glucocoticoids

Question 23

Hormone from adrenal medulla

• stimulates sympathetic nervous system
• liver & muscle glycogenolysis (glycogen->glu)
• decreases release of insulin during catabolic stress-> BG RISES

Answer 23

Epinephrine

Question 24

insulin antagonists

Answer 24

growth hormone, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)

Question 25

In aerobic glycolysis, the end product is ______.

Answer 25

pyruvate

Question 26

Define glycolysis

Answer 26

glucose is oxidized in cell to produce energy, CO2 and H2O. It produces pyruvate for the Krebs cycle by breaking down glucose, with or without oxygen, into pyruvate or lactate

Question 27

In anaerobic glycolysis, end product is ___.

Answer 27

lactate