Vitamins & Minerals

Question 0

rapidly converted to its active form, ___in the brain and liver by a specific enzyme, thiamin diphosphotransferase

Answer 0

Thiamin pyrophosphate

Question 1

Which vitamin is derived from a substituted pyrimidine and a thiazole coupled by a methylene bridge?

Answer 1

B1

Question 2

Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary as a cofactor for the transketolase catalyzed reactions of the ______ as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions associated with the _____

Answer 2

First blank: pentose phosphate pathway

Second blank: TCA cycle

Question 3

Vit __ is precursor for the coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Answer 3

B2

Question 4

FMN is synthesized from riboflavin via the ATP-dependent enzyme ___.

FMN is then converted to FAD via the attachment of AMP (derived from ATP) though the action of ___.

Answer 4

First blank:riboflavin kinase

Second blank: FAD pyrophosphorylase

Question 5

Enzymes requiring FMN or FAD as cofactors are called __

Answer 5

Flavoproteins

Question 6

succinate dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase are flavoproteins, true or false?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Vitamin B3 is also known as ___

Answer 7

Niacin

Question 8

What are vitB3’s active forms?

Answer 8

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
And
Nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 9

NAD+
• can be derived from the amino acid ___
• synthesis of niacin from this amino acid requires vitamins __,__ and ___

Answer 9

Tryptophan:first blank

B1,B2 and B6:second to 4th blanks

Question 10

Vitamin B5 is also known as ___

Answer 10

Pantothenic Acid

Question 11

[SYNTHESIS OF CoA from VIT B5]

Pantothenate is phosphorylated on the hydroxyl group via the action of _____.

The reactive sulfhydryl group is added from ___ via the action of phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase.

Through ___ more reactions the molecule is decarboxylated and then the ADP from ATP is added forming the fully functional coenzyme A

Answer 11

Pantothenate kinase:first blank
Cysteine:second blank
Three:third blank

Question 12

False about Pantothenate:
A)required for synthesis of coenzyme A, CoA
B)component of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain of nucleic acid synthase C)required for the metabolism of carbohydrate via the TCA cycle and all fats and proteins

Answer 12

B)component of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain of nucleic acid synthase

Fatty acid synthase dapat

Question 13

Vit B6:also known as __

Answer 13

Pyridoxine

Question 14

A)Active form of B6

B)active form of B6 achieved via this enzyme

Answer 14

A)pyridoxal phosphate

B)pyridoxal kinase

Question 15

Pyridoxal kinase requires this metal for full activity:

Answer 15

Zinc

Question 16

Pyridoxal phosphate functions as cofactor for all except
A)enzymes involved in transamination reactions required for amino acid metab
B) glycogen kinase
C)synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Answer 16

B)glycogen kinase

Glycogen phosphorylase dapat

Question 17

False about biotin

A)the cofactor required of enzymes that are involved in carboxylation reactions
B)Serves as carriers of activated carbon dioxide
C)Glycoprotein avidin tightly binds with biotin, increasing biotin’s absorption

Answer 17

C)Glycoprotein avidin tightly binds with biotin, increasing biotin’s absorption

Restricting biotin’s absorption dapat

Question 18

False about cobalamin

A.composed of a complex tetrapyrrol ring structure (corrin ring) and a cobalt ion in the center

B.is synthesized exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methycobalamin or
5’deoxyadenosylcobalamin

C.must be hydrolyzed from protein in order to be active

D. Also known as Vit B12

Answer 18

D. Also known as VitB2

vit B12 dapat

Question 19

Pick the false statement

A.vitamin B12 is bound by intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by parietal cells of the stomach
B.vit B12 is carried to the jejunum where it is absorbed
C. vitamin is transported to the liver in the blood bound to transcobalamin II.

Answer 19

B.vit B12 is carried to the jejunum where it is absorbed

It is absorbed in the ileum

Question 20

Which does not require Vit B12?

A)propionyl-CoA conversion succinyl-CoA for oxidation in the TCA cycle. (c/omethylmalonyl-CoA mutase)

B) the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and is catalyzed by methionine synthase

C)glycogenolysis as a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 20

C)glycogenolysis as a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase

This process requires Vitamin B6 and not B12

Question 21

False about Folic Acid

A. Generated via conjugation of glutamic acid residues to pteroic acid.
B. Oxidized within cells (principally the kidney where it is stored) to tetrahydrofolate
C. Conversion to tetrahydrofolate c/o dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), NADPH-requiring enzyme

Answer 21

B. Oxidized within cells (principally the kidney where it is stored) to tetrahydrofolate

Dapat “reduced within cells (principally the liver where it is stored) to tetrahydrofolate”

Question 22

Function of tetrahydrofolate

Answer 22

carry and transfer various forms of one carbon units during biosynthetic reactions

Question 23

Pick the false statement

A. Vit C is also known as ascorbic acid
B.Vit C is derived from glucose via the uronic acid pathway
C.ascorbic acid’s active form is ascorbate

Answer 23

C.ascorbic acid’s active form is ascorbate

Ascorbic acid’s active form is ascorbic acid itself

Question 24

False about VitC A)essential to a healthy diet as well as being a highly effective antioxidant B)acts as an electron acceptor for important enzymes C)with role in synthesis of collagen and carnitine D)with role in synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine

Answer 24

B)acts as an electron acceptor for important enzymes Electron donor dapat

Question 25

provitamin form of vitamin A

Answer 25

Retinal

Question 26

Ingested __ is cleaved in the lumen of the intestine to yield retinal. Retinal is reduced to retinol by ___, an NADPH requiring enzyme within the intestines.

Answer 26

Beta-carotene | Retinaldehyde reductase

Question 27

Retinol is esterified to ___ and delivered to the blood via chylomicrons. The uptake of chylomicron remnants by the ___ results in delivery of retinol to this organ for storage as a lipid ester within lipocytes.

Answer 27

Palmitic acid | Liver

Question 28

Biologically active form of Vit D is 1,25-dihydroxycalciferol or ___. It regulates Ca and P homeostasis.

Answer 28

Calcitriol

Question 29

___is released in response to low serum calcium and induces the production of calcitriol.

Answer 29

Parathyroid hormone

Question 30

The steroid hormone action of vitamin D occurs via the action of calcitriol binding to a specific intracellular receptor called ___

Answer 30

Vitamin D receptor

Question 31

Most vitamin E in U.S. diets is in the form of __

Answer 31

Gamma-tocopherol

Question 32

Vitamin E is able to act as free radical scavenger,thus having potent antioxidant properties. True or false?

Answer 32

True

Question 33

most abundant tocopherol in tissues outside of the liver

Answer 33

Alpha-tocopherol

Question 34

most potent antioxidant forms of the vitamin

Answer 34

Gamma-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol

Question 35

[Vit K Forms] exist naturally as: • K1 (phylloquinone) in ___ K2 (menaquinone) produced by ___ K3 is synthetic menadione

Answer 35

Green vegetables | Intestinal bacteria

Question 36

when administered, vitamin K3 is alkylated to one of the vitamin K1 forms. True or false?

Answer 36

False. K2 dapat, hindi K1

Question 37

major function of the K vitamins is in the maintenance of normal levels of the blood clotting proteins, factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C and protein S, which are synthesized in the ____ as inactive precursor proteins

Answer 37

Liver

Question 38

Conversion from inactive to active clotting factor requires a posttranslational modification of specific ____ residues (carboxylation). vitK needed as coenzyme

Answer 38

Glutamate

Question 39

``` All of the following are major minerals except: Calcium Magnesium Sulfur Iron ```

Answer 39

Iron. Major minerals:(needed 5mg or more) Calcium,Magnesium,Phosphorus,Sodium,Potassium,Chloride,Sulfur

Question 40

``` All of the following are minor minerals except Zinc Fluoride Chloride Iodide ```

Answer 40

Chloride Minor minerals (needed: less than 5mg) - Iron,Zinc,Copper,Fluoride,Selenium,Iodide,Chromium,Manganese,Molybdenum

Question 41

False about calcium 1. 2% of total body weight 2. 99% found in bones 3. Calcium deficiency makes bones porous 4. None of the above

Answer 41

4. None of the above

Question 42

2nd Most abundant mineral in the body. Critical in bone formation and rigidity.significant buffer in the blood

Answer 42

Phosphorus

Question 43

True or False:Magnesium is a coenzyme in regulating bone and mineral status

Answer 43

True

Question 44

False about fluoride A.prevents cavities in teeth B.strengthens dentin C.deficiency symptom: brown stains and cracking of teeth

Answer 44

B.strengthens dentin Enamel,not dentin

Question 45

False about potassium A.key circulating electrolyte B.involved in the regulation of ATP-dependent channels (Na+/K+ATPases); primary function is in the transmission of hormones C. Major mineral siya

Answer 45

B.involved in the regulation of ATP-dependent channels (Na+/K+ATPases); primary function is in the transmission of hormones Hormones? Nah. Nerve impulses dapat

Question 46

False about sulfur A)has a primary function in amino acid metabolism B) necessary for the modification of complex carbohydrates present in proteins and lipids; C)the sulfur comes from the amino acid lysine

Answer 46

C)the sulfur comes from the amino acid lysine Methionine,not lysine

Question 47

``` Copper has major roles in the following processes except: A)collagen processing B)hemoglobin synthesis C)wound healing D)transmission of nerve impulses ```

Answer 47

D)transmission of nerve impulses | ^ c/o Na,K

Question 48

Iron functions to coordinate the oxygen molecule into ___ of hemoglobin so that it can be transported from the lungs to the tissues

Answer 48

Heme

Question 49

Iodine is required for the synthesis of these hormones

Answer 49

Thyroid hormones

Question 50

manganese is necessary for the proper function of ____ which is an enzyme required for preventing super oxide anions from damaging cells.

Answer 50

Super oxide dismutase

Question 51

Molybdenum: primarily involved as a co-factor in several oxidases such as xanthine oxidase (for ___ catabolism) aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase.

Answer 51

Purine nucleotide

Question 52

Selenium: serves as a modifier of the activity of ___ through its incorporation into the protein in the form of selenocysteine.

Answer 52

Glutathione peroxidase

Question 53

Primary role of zinc in biochemical processes

Answer 53

Cofactor for enzymes