Bioenergetics

Question 1

Which does not directly affect basal metabolic rate?

a. sex
b. weight
c. age
d. food intake

Answer 1

d. food intake

sex, age, height, weight, growth, body composition: these are the things that directly affect basal metabolic rate

Question 2

false about bioenergetics

a. Refers to cellular energy transformations
b. creation and utilization of energy in biologic systems
c. Concerns only the initial and final energy states of reaction components

Answer 2

b. creation and utilization of energy in biologic systems

remember, energy cannot be created! transfer dapat yung nasa statement, imbes na creation

Question 3

enumerate the three principal phases of energy transformation

Answer 3

1. Oxidation of Fuels (FAT, CHO, PRO)
2. Conversion of energy from fuel oxidation into the highenergy
   phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate
   (ATP)
3. Utilization of ATP phosphate bond energy to drive
   energy-requiring processes

Question 4

What are the electron-accepting coenzymes involved in the first phase of cellular energy transformation?

Answer 4

NAD+ and FAD

Question 5

Pathway of fuel oxidation converge in generation of
\_\_\_
A. ATP
B. Acetyl CoA
C. NADPH
D. all three

Answer 5

B. acetyl CoA

Question 6

Complete oxidation of Acetyl group to CO2 occurs in
\_\_\_
a. citric acid cycle
b. electron transport chain
c. glycolysis
d. all three

Answer 6

a. citric acid cycle

Question 7

In the second phase, energy derived from fuel oxidation is converted to high energy phosphate bonds of ATP by the process of ___

Answer 7

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

the reaction is spontaneous when the change in free energy is ____

a. negative
b. positive
c. zero

Answer 8

a. negative

Question 9

the reaction is spontaneous when the change in free energy is ____

a. negative
b. positive
c. zero

Answer 9

b. positive

Question 10

the reaction is in equilibrium when the change in free energy is

a. negative
b. positive
c. zero

Answer 10

c. zero

Question 11

Change in free energy is predictive in physiologic conditions. True or false?

Answer 11

False. 1. ΔGo is predictive only under standard conditions, where ΔG = ΔGo but not in reactions under physiologic conditions because of the presence of constants (R, T, and Keq) and is, therefore, not altered by changes in product or substrate concentrations

Question 12

false about electron transport chain
a. endergonic process
b. Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae
increase surface area of the membrane)
c. Process in which electrons are passed between redox
centers in decreasing reduction potentials
d. all are true

Answer 12

a. endergonic process

exergonic dapat

Question 13

The last one to receive electrons in the electron transport chain is

a. NADPH
b. FAD
c. ATP
d. oxygen

Answer 13

d. oxygen

Question 14

During electron transport chain, protons from the various redox reactions are pumped out of the intermembrane space of mitochondrion, creating a proton gradient. True or false?

Answer 14

False. “pumped out of” –> “pumped into”

Question 15

false about Complex I of the electron transport chain

a. also known as NADH dehydrogenase
b. utilizes NADH and FADH2
c. NADH oxidized, Coenzyme Q reduced
d. Redox reaction involves two electrons

Answer 15

b. utilizes NADH and FADH2

utilizes NADH only

Question 16

False about Complex II of electron-transport chain

a. also known as succinate dehydrogenase
b. also known as succinate-coenzyme Q reductase
c. after Complex I and Complex II, CoQ still has 2 electrons
d. none of the above

Answer 16

c. after Complex I and Complex II, CoQ still has 2 electrons

4 electrons dapat

Question 17

false about Complex III

a. Electrons in Coenzyme Q are used by Complex III to
produce Cytochrome C
b. Coenzyme Q is oxidized 
c. reduction of Cytochrome C
d. endergonic reaction

Answer 17

d. endergonic reaction

This is an exergonic reaction :)

Question 18

false about Complex IV

a. reducing agent: oxygen
b. exergonic reaction
c. 3 ATP molecules all in all
d. Complex IV is the only carrier in w/c heme iron had a free ligand that can react directly with molecular oxygen.

Answer 18

a. reducing agent: oxygen

Oxygen is reduced to water by Cytochrome c, therefore:
oxygen: oxidizing agent
cytochrome c:reducing agent

Question 19

False about cytochromes

a. contain a heme group (pophyrin ring + Fe atom).
b. The cytochrome iron atom is irreversibly converted from Fe3+ to Fe2+
c. function as a carrier of electrons

Answer 19

b. The cytochrome iron atom is irreversibly converted from Fe3+ to Fe2+

reversibly dapat

Question 20

How many ATP molecules are produced from NADH?

Answer 20

3 ATP molecules

Question 21

How many ATP molecules are produced from FADH2?

Answer 21

2 ATP molecules only because FADH2 is not oxidized by

Complex I.

Question 22

an insecticide, binds to complex I and prevents reduction of Coenzyme Q
A. Rotenone
B. Amytal
C. Antimycin
D. A, B and C

Answer 22

A. Rotenone

Question 23

Inhibit complex I by preventing the transfer of electrons to Coenzyme Q
A. Rotenone
B. Amytal
C. Antimycin
D. A, B and C

Answer 23

B.Amytal

Question 24

Inhibits electrons transfer through Complex III
A. Rotenone
B. Amytal
C. Antimycin
D. A, B and C

Answer 24

C. Antimycin

Question 25

Complex V is also known as ___

Answer 25

ATP synthase

Question 26

false about proton pump a. Electron transport is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP by the transport of protons across the IMM. b. electrical gradient and a pH gradient created c. energy generated by this gradient is still insufficient to drive ATP synthesis d. source of energy for Complex V

Answer 26

c. energy generated by this gradient is still insufficient to drive ATP synthesis energy generated by the gradient is sufficient

Question 27

three stages of catabolism

Answer 27

1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules 2. Conversion of building blocks to simple intermediates 3. Oxidation of acetyl CoA

Question 28

Pick the true statement a. catabolism is a convergent process b. anabolism is a divergent process c. both of them are true

Answer 28

c. both of them are true

Question 29

three types of regulatory signals for metabolism

Answer 29

intracellular intercellular secondary messenger systems

Question 30

Membrane bound enzyme that converts ATP # | 3’5’-adenosine monophosphate

Answer 30

adenylyl cyclase

Question 31

Adenylyl cyclase has one-to-one relationship between the neurotransmitter/hormone and membrane receptor. True or false?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

``` G proteins (α, β, γ subunits): These proteins bind _____ nucleotides. ```

Answer 32

guanosine

Question 33

The GTP bound form of ___ subunit detaches from the ___&____ subunits and moves to and activates the adenylyl cyclase. (alpha,beta,gamma)

Answer 33

The GTP bound form of alpha subunit detaches | from the beta and gamma subunits and moves to and activates the adenylyl cyclase.

Question 34

Caffeine can inhibit phosphodiesterase. True or false?

Answer 34

true

Question 35

What is an enzyme that can... - remove phosphate groups added by protein kinases to make the changes in protein activity non-permanent - hydrolytically cleave phosphate esters.

Answer 35

protein phosphatase

Question 36

cAMP is rapidly hydrolysed to 5’-AMP by what enzyme?

Answer 36

cAMP phosphodiesterase