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RD EXAM > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Thiamin (B1):
Properties, Function and Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- lost in an alkaline environment and high temp

Function:
- CHO oxidation
- pyruvate metabolism

Deficiency symptoms:
- Beri beri
- Wernicke-Korsakoff
- memory loss, muscle weakness, foot drop
- decreased erythrocyte transketolase
- increased plasma pyruvate

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2
Q

What are some sources of thiamin?

A

Grains
Wheat
Germ
Pork
Liver
Turkey

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3
Q

Riboflavin (B2):
Properties, Function, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- lost in UV light (the reason milk containers are opaque during processing)

Function:
- energy released from protein
- RBC formation

Deficiency symptoms:
- growth failure
- cheilosis: cracked mouth
- stomatitis: cracked sides of mouth, sore throat
- magenta tongue

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4
Q

Niacin (B3):
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- tryptophan = precursor
- essential in all cells for energy metabolism
- high intake causes flushing

Functions:
- metabolism of CHO, protein, fat

Deficiency symptoms:
- thick beefy red tongue
- Pellagra aka four D’s (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death)
- Petechiae aka deficiency of niacin, EFAs, vit C
- rash in the sunlight

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5
Q

What are some sources of riboflavin?

A

Kidney
Liver
Yeast
Milk

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6
Q

What are some sources of niacin?

A

Protein
Peanuts
Rice
Ready to eat cereals
Yeast
Milk
Chicken

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7
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5):
Function, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Function:
- coenzyme A - energy
- synthesis of fatty acids

Deficiency symptoms:
- rare deficiency
- paresthesia in foot

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8
Q

What are some sources of pantothenic acid?

A

animal foods, grains, legumes

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9
Q

Pyridoxine (B6):
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- INH-ioniazid = B6 antagonist

Functions:
- coenzyme in AA metabolism (deamination, transamination)

Deficiency symptoms:
- dermatitis
- glossitis
- seizures
- anemia
- peripheral neuropathy

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10
Q

What are some sources of pyridoxine?

A

Pork, meat
Liver
Corn
Wheat
Yeast
Ready to eat cereals

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11
Q

Biotin (B7):
Properties, functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- made by intestinal bacteria
- inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg whites)

Functions:
- coenzyme in FA synthesis
- converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

Deficiency symptoms:
- muscle pain
- dermatitis
- glossitis

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12
Q

What are some sources of biotin?

A

Yeast
Egg yolk
Liver
Kidney

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13
Q

Folate (B9):
Properties, functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- PABA is a precursor
- zinc dependent

Functions:
- DNA synthesis
- RBC production in bone marrow
- Helps prevent NTD (spina bifida)

Deficiency Symptoms:
- megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
- diarrhea
- fatigue
- irritability
- dyspnea

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14
Q

What are some sources of folate?

A

fortified cereals, liver, citrus fruits, green leafy veggies

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15
Q

Cyanocobalamin (B12):
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- contains cobalt
- bound by IF in gastric juices

Functions:
- coenzyme in protein synthesis
- forms RBC

Deficiency symptoms:
- megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
- pernicious anemia d/t reduced IF s/p gastrectomy

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16
Q

What are some sources of B12?

A

meat, dairy, eggs

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17
Q

Vitamin K:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- synthesized by bacteria in the lower intestinal tract
- no toxicity symptoms

Functions:
- helps with blood coagulation via production of prothrombin in the liver
- given pre-surgery
- Ca metabolism

Deficiency symptoms:
- hemorrhage
- affected by mineral oil + anticoagulants

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18
Q

What are some sources of vitamin K?

A

dark leafy veggies

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19
Q

Vitamin E:
Properties, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins
- UL = 1000 mg

Functions:
- antioxidant
- works against hemolysis of RBC

Deficiency Symptoms:
- hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

What are some sources of vitamin E?

A

vegetable oil (cottonseed), green veggies, almonds

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21
Q

Vitamin D:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- cholesterol is a precursor

Functions:
- Ca and P metabolism
(promotes Ca absorption in the gut)

Deficiency Symptoms:
- rickets and osteomalacia

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22
Q

What are some sources of vitamin D?

A

Fortified milk
Egg yolks
Mushrooms
Sunlight

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23
Q

Vitamin A:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- pro-vitamin, carotene precursor
- toxic level = 10,000 microg

Functions:
- helps with vision and skin

Deficiency Symptoms:
- night blindness
- corneal damage
- bitots spots
- dry, scaly skin

24
Q

What are some sources of vitamin A?

A

yellow/orange fruits
green leafy veggies

25
Q

What are some fat-soluble supplements that you should take with oils or fats to enhance absorption?

A

ADEK, CoQ10, omega-3s, curcumin

26
Q

Vitamin C:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- most easily destroyed
- antioxidant destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation

Functions:
- makes collagen
- wound healing
- aids iron absorption

Deficiency symptoms:
- scurvy
- poor wound healing
- bleeding gums
- petechiae

27
Q

What are some sources of vitamin C?

A

citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green and yellow veggies

28
Q

Iron:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- trace mineral
- part of hemoglobin

Functions:
- oxygen transport

Deficiency symptoms:
- pale tongue
- pale conjunctivae
- fatigue, anemia
- spoon-shaped nails
- pica
- excess zinc supplementation

29
Q

What are some sources of iron?

A

Heme (any protein WITH blood)
Non-heme (any protein source WITHOUT blood)

30
Q

Chromium:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- absorption enhanced by vitamin C and B3

Functions:
- aids insulin action
- glucose metabolism

Deficiency symptoms:
- insulin resistance

31
Q

What are some sources of chromium?

A

Potatoes
Oyster
Yeast
Liver

32
Q

Copper:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- attached to protein

Functions:
- Hemoglobin synthesis
- aids iron absorption

Deficiency symptoms:
- microcytic anemia
- neutropenia
- Wilson’s disease
- low serum Cu
- excess zinc supplementation

33
Q

What are some sources of copper?

A

liver, kidney, shellfish

34
Q

Calcium:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- most abundant mineral
- regulated by PTH
- vit D, acid and lactose aid absorption

Functions:
- blood clotting
- cardiac function
- nerve transmission
- smooth muscle contractility

Deficiency symptoms:
- hypocalcemia –> tetany (muscle spasms)

35
Q

What are some sources of calcium?

A

dairy, leafy veggies and legumes

36
Q

Phosphorus:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- 2nd most abundant mineral
- part of DNA, RNA and ATP

Functions:
- phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood
- in bones and teeth

Deficiency symptoms:
- rare
- excess = itching, darkening of skin, fractures (chronic)

37
Q

What are some sources of phosphorus?

A

meat, dairy, fish, eggs, inorganic processed foods with phos additives

38
Q

Magnesium:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- part of chlorophyll
- 50% in bones, 50% in cells

Functions:
- protein and FA synthesis
- stabilizes structure of ATP
- high protein, Ca, Vit D increases need

Deficiency symptoms:
- rare, tremors

39
Q

What are some sources of Magnesium? Which sources have the most amount of Mg?

A

milk, bread, chocolate

Seeds and nuts have the most amount of Mg

40
Q

Myo-Inositol:
Properties, Functions

A

Properties:
- in plants as phytic acid
- related to sugar
- contains Phos
-vitamin-like factor

Functions:
- binds Ca, zinc, iron
- part of the membrane structure

41
Q

What are some sources of myo-inositol?

A

leafy green veggies, other husks of cereals

42
Q

Selenium:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- cooperates with vitamin E

Functions:
- antioxidant
- tissue respiration

Deficiency symptoms:
- myalgia
- cardiac myopathy

43
Q

What are some sources of selenium?

A

soil, grains, poultry, fish, dairy

44
Q

Manganese:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- trace mineral

Functions:
- CNS

Deficiency symptoms:
- rare

45
Q

What are some sources of manganese?

A

whole grains, legumes, nuts

46
Q

Sulfur:
Properties, Functions

A

Properties:
- part of AAs cysteine, homocysteine and methionine

Functions:
- component of organic molecules

47
Q

Choline:
Properties, Functions

A

Properties:
- components of lecithin

Functions:
- transports lipids as acetylcholine

48
Q

Zinc:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- trace mineral
- excess leads to Cu or iron deficiency

Functions:
- increases taste acuity
- enhances insulin action
- stabilizes DNA, RNA and cell division
- important for wound healing and healthy nails

Deficiency symptoms:
- reduced immune function
- hair loss/alopecia
- poor wound healing
- hypogeusia
- sign of growth retardation
- sexual immaturity in adolescents
- BEAU’S LINES

49
Q

What are some sources of zinc? What minerals decrease its absorption?

A

Fish
Liver
Oysters
Meat
Eggs

phytates and Cu decrease absorption

50
Q

Iodine:
Properties, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- trace mineral
- part of thyroxine

Deficiency symptoms:
- goiter

51
Q

What are some sources of iodine?

A

seafood, iodized salt, dairy

52
Q

Fluoride:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- trace mineral

Functions:
- teeth, bones

Deficiency symptoms:
- dental caries
- excess - fluorosis (brown stains)

53
Q

What are some sources of fluoride?

A

soil, water

54
Q

Potassium:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- electrolyte

Functions:
- conducts nerve impulses
- muscle contractions

Deficiency symptoms:
- hypokalemia

55
Q

What are some sources of potassium?

A

potato, oranges, tomato, avocado, soybeans, spinach, bananas, apricots

56
Q

How is vitamin D broken down in the body? (Different stages, places, etc.)
Which form of vit D is the main indicator of vit D status? Which is the active form of vit D?

A

Skin: 7 dehydrocholesterol + SUN = cholecalciferol

Liver: cholecalciferol + liver = 25(OH)D “calcidiol”
- main indicator of vit D status

Kidney: calcidiol –> 1,25(OH)2D “calcitriol”
- active form

57
Q

What is the difference between enriched and fortified?

A

Enriched: mostly B vitamins (bc they’re lost faster) added to the food like cereals

Fortified: vitamin and minerals added to the food bc it didn’t originally have it

RD EXAM (11 decks)

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