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RD EXAM > Meds And Botanicals > Flashcards

Meds And Botanicals Flashcards

1
Q

Onset & Duration Time for Insulins

A

Short: onset = 30-45 mins before eating; duration = 3-6 hrs
Rapid: onset = 5-15 mins before eating; duration = 4 hours
Long: onset = 2-4 hrs; duration = 18-24 hrs
Intermediate: onset = 2-4 hrs; duration = 10-16 hrs

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2
Q

How do sulfonylureas lower BG?

A

Increase insulin secretion from the pancreas

May lead to hypoglycemia and wt gain

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3
Q

How does metformin (Biguanides) lower BG?

A

Suppresses hepatic glucose production

preferred first line of treatment; take with food to prevent GI distress; check B12 levels; weight neutral so LOW RISK OF HYPOGLYCEMIA

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4
Q

How do SGLT2 inhibitors work to reduce BG?

A

Blocks a protein that returns glucose to the blood after it’s filtered through the kidney —> more glucose excreted in urine, less reabsorbed

good for pts with T2DM and CKD

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5
Q

How do DPP-4 inhibitors lower BG?

A

Allows endogenous GLP-1 to stay active longer so glucose released by liver overnight is reduced

often used with metformin

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6
Q

How does GLP-1 (ozempic) work?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon secretion after eating

slows gastric emptying, promotes fullness

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7
Q

How does TZD work?

A

Increases insulin sensitivity in muscle

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8
Q

Side effects of corticosteroids?

A

Hyperglycemia, thin skin, HTN, bone fractures

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9
Q

What nutrients are decreased with oral contraceptives?

A

B6, b9, vitamin C

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10
Q

Side effects of mineral oil, cholestyramine?

A

Decreased absorption of fat and vitamins ADEK

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11
Q

Side effects of phos binders (Velphoro, Auryxia, Fosrenol, Sevelamer, Renvela)?

A

Auryxia: darker stool d/t iron

May develop upset stomach

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12
Q

Levodopa (L-Dopa): what is it used for? What does it interact with? How do you take it?

A

Parkinson’s disease

Interacts with: iron and protein rich foods; b6 and protein decrease it’s effectiveness

Take it: TID, in the am with limited protein at first. Over time/chronic, on an empty stomach

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13
Q

Colchicine: what is it used for? Side effects? What is it supplemented with?

A

Used for gout

Side effects: lower joint pain and swelling

Supplement with: B12

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14
Q

Isoniazid: what is it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Used for TB

Side effects: peripheral neuropathy, depletes b6

Interactions:
Avoid red wine, aged cheese, dried meats and tuna
Interferes with vit D, Ca, Phos

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15
Q

Omeprazole: what is it? What’s it used for? How does it work? Side effects? What’s it supplemented with?

A

PPI (proton pump inhibitor)

Used for: ulcers, GERD. Suppresses secretion of stomach acid.

Side effects:
depletes Ca absorption —> osteoporosis
Causes H. Pylori infection
B12 and IF deficiency

Supplement with B12

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16
Q

Digoxin: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Used for: arrhythmia treatment, increases rate of heart contractions by acting on Na/K ATPase pump

Side effects: hyperkalemia

Interactions: senna, St. John’s wort, licorice, salt substitutes, fiber

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17
Q

NRTI aka Retrovir: side effects?

A

Macrocytic anemia, B12, Cu, Zn deficiency

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18
Q

SSRIs aka Sertraline aka Zoloft: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Antidepressant

Side effects: weight gain and sleep pattern disturbance with chronic use

Interactions: grapefruit juice

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19
Q

MAOIs: what’s it used for? Interactions?

A

Antidepressant

Eliminate TYRAMINE, dopamine and tryptophan

Avoid aged, fermented, dried, pickled, smoked, spoiled foods; hard aged cheese (cheddar, Swiss), sauerkraut, some sausages/luncheon meats, tofu, miso, Chianti wine, tomatoes, sour cream, yogurt, buttermilk

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20
Q

Elavil: what’s it used for? Side effects?

A

Antidepressant, sedative effect

Side effects: weight gain, increases appetite

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21
Q

Lithium carbonate: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Used for bipolar and depression

Side effects: weight gain, increased appetite

Interactions: keep consistent sodium and caffeine intake to stabilize levels. Don’t eat too little sodium either.

22
Q

Antibiotics: side effects? Interactions?

A

Side effects:
- protein deficits
- possible depletion of B12, Ca, Mg & vitamin K with prolonged use

Interactions: Calcium (taken with quinolones like ciprofloxacin may reduce the drug’s effectiveness)

23
Q

Spironolactone: what’s it used for? Side effects?

A

Aldosterone agonist; Diuretic used for HF, HTN, hypokalemia and edema

Side effects: spares K, depletes Na and Cl

24
Q

Thiazide diuretics: what’s it used for? Side effects?

A

Used for HTN, edema, ESRD, CHF

Side effects: decreases Mg, K and reabsorbs Ca

25
Q

Loop diuretics: what’s it used for? Side effects?

A

Used for HF, ESRD, ESLD, HTN, and edema

Side effects: hypokalemia, thiamin, Mg, Ca and Na deficiency

26
Q

Glucocorticoids: what’s it used for? Side effects? What’s it supplemented with?

A

Used to work against inflammation, immunosuppressant, asthma, bronchitis, rash and swelling

Side effects: protein deficits, HTN, weight gain and hyperglycemia. Leads to osteoporosis, Na and water retention with chronic use

Supplement with: Ca, vit D, B6

27
Q

Marinol: what’s it used for? Side effects?

A

Appetite stimulant

Side effects: weight gain

28
Q

Adderall: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

ADHD, narcolepsy, appetite suppressant

Side effects: anorexia, weight loss, nausea

Interactions: avoid acidic food/juice/vitamin C

29
Q

Ritalin: what’s it used for? Side effects?

A

ADHD

Side effects: anorexia, weight loss, nausea

30
Q

Cyclosporine: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Immunosuppressant, RA, psoriasis

Side effects: HTN, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, HLD

Interactions: grapefruit juice, papaya juice, pineapple juice

31
Q

Phenobarbital (Dilantin/phenytoin): what’s it used for? Side effects?

A

Anti-convulsive, sedative

Side effects: folic acid, vitamin K, b6, b12, vit D loss

32
Q

Warfarin/Coumadin: what’s it used for? Interactions?

A

Anticoagulant

Interactions: ginger, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, garlic, grapefruit juice, glucosamine, vitamin A and E (fish oil), primrose, St. John’s wort, green tea, coQ 10

33
Q

Methotrexate: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Chemotherapy and RA

Side effects: folate deficiency, mouth sores, weight loss, N/V

Interactions: avoid high folate foods like beetroot juice; PPI meds like omeprazole

34
Q

Orlistat: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Used for weight loss, lipase inhibitor

Side effects: KEDA deficiency

Interactions: cyclosporine and warfarin

35
Q

Statins: what’s it used for? Side effects? Interactions?

A

Lowers LDL and TG, increases HDL

Side effects: coq10 deficiency

Interactions: avoid grapefruit juice, avoid niacin

36
Q

Black cohosh: use and potential interaction?

A

eases menopause symptoms

Interaction:
- may act as a blood thinner
- affects statins

37
Q

Comfrey: use and potential interaction?

A

soothes nerves

Interaction: irreversible liver disease

38
Q

Echinacea: use and potential interaction?

A

prevents, moderates cold symptoms

Interaction: avoid taking >2 months

39
Q

Ephedra: use and potential interactions?

A

promotes weight loss

Interactions: rapid heart rate, headaches, very likely hazardous

40
Q

Garlic: use and potential interactions?

A

may decrease cholesterol, BP

Interaction:
- reduces clotting time
- avoid use with warfarin

41
Q

Ginger: use and interaction?

A

antiemetic

Interaction: avoid use with drugs that affect bleeding

42
Q

Ginkgo biloba: use and potential interaction?

A

vasodilation

Interaction: avoid with warfarin

43
Q

Ginseng: use and interaction?

A

immunity, endurance

Interaction: high BP, avoid use with warfarin

44
Q

Kava: use and interaction?

A

relieve anxiety

Interaction: liver failure

45
Q

What is the primary use of milk thistle?

A

may help protect the liver

46
Q

St. John’s Wort: use and interaction?

A

antidepressants, serotonin enhancing

Interaction:
- reduces effect of warfarin
- avoid with antihypertensive, oral contraceptives, and some statins

47
Q

Licorice root: use and interactions?

A

ulcers

Interaction:
- avoid combination with spironolactone, thiazide and loop diuretics AND hypertensives

48
Q

Saw palmetto: use and interactions?

A

relieves symptoms of enlarged prostate

Interactions: diuretics

49
Q

valerian root: use and interactions?

A

calms nerves

Interaction: avoid with liver disease

50
Q

Yohimbe: use and interactions?

A

erectile dysfunction

Interaction: elevates BP

RD EXAM (11 decks)

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