Counseling, Research, Maternal Health & WIC Flashcards
How far is the distance in the intimate zone, personal zone, social zone, and public zone?
Intimate zone: <18 inches
Personal zone: 18 inches - 4 feet
Social zone: 4 - 12 feet
Public zone: >12 feet
What is consonance?
a fit between the program and the expected outcomes based on objectives
What is the difference between affective learning and psychomotor learning?
Affective learning = acquisition of attitudes and values, growth in feelings/emotions
Psychomotor learning = acquisition of muscular skills, if someone is able to understand and replicate a concept. E.g. cooking after watching a show
What is the ABC framework for behavior modification?
ABC Framework: can focus on Antecedent, Behavior, or Consequences of behavior
Methods:
- Positive reinforcement
- Avoidance learning = avoid future criticism by improving future performance
- Extinction = absence of reinforcement following undesired behavior (ignore)
What is the Transtheoretical Stages of Change model?
How ready you are for change
Precontemplation:
“I don’t need education about diet”
Contemplation:
Wife wants to eat more healthfully, BUT her husband would not be on board
Preparation:
Later they come back and the wife BOUGHT your recipe book
They’re ABOUT TO do the thing but haven’t done it yet
Action:
The husband buys the groceries, prepares the meals
Bought AND used the thing
Maintenance:
The couple come back after 6 months and tell you they have kept up with making more nutrient-dense, balanced meals and plan to continue with the recipes
What is the health belief model?
People will engage in healthy behaviors if they value the outcome
Components:
- Perceived Susceptibility
- Perceived Impact
- Perceived Advantage of change
- Appraisal of Barriers
- Self-efficacy
What is the diffusion of innovation model?
How an innovation, an idea, or behavior spreads
People fall into categories:
- Innovators - adopt an idea readily without input from others
- Early adopters - opinion leaders in community, well-respected
- Early majority - cautious in adopting a new idea
- Late majority - skeptical, adopt an idea only through peer pressure
- Laggards - tardy to the party
What is the difference between kinesics vs paralinguistic vs proxemics in non-verbal communication?
Kinesics = comes from the work kinesiology → body things → body language
- Mr. Patterson looks at you in your eyes, or his arms are folded across his chest
Paralinguistic = linguistics → language
- Mr. Patterson hesitates to continue or whispers because he is anxious about telling you he ate bad during the weekend
Proxemics = changing proximity to you
- Mr. Patterson moves away from the desk or sits behind another chair
What is cognitive behavioral therapy?
The behavior is learned. How you think influences negative behaviors and feelings
Aim = introduce changes in thought process that maintain a behavior that needs to be changed
What is motivational interviewing? What is the DARES component of it?
Client-centered method to enhance intrinsic motivation. Reduce ambivalence. Give Mr. Patterson autonomy to make his own decisions.
DD - DEVELOP DISCREPANCY between where he is and where he wants to be
AA - AVOID ARGUMENTS and confrontation
RR - ROLL WITH RESISTANCE acknowledge reluctance to change and ambivalence; offer new info or alternatives to consider
EE - EXPRESS EMPATHY (suggests acceptance), evocation (summons feelings)
SS - SUPPORT SELF EFFICACY reinforce hope and optimism
In written communication, what reading level should you keep it to for the general public and for those with lower literacy?
General public = 8th grade
Lower literacy = 6th grade
What is the difference between formative and summative evaluations?
Formative = assessment is done biweekly/weekly quizzes over the course of 6 weeks
- Done BEFORE or DURING
- Can change direction
Summative = assessment AFTER a course (final exam)
- Designed at the planning stage but conducted at the end
When evaluating educational outcomes, you can use a formal objective test or a formal performance test. What are they and which one works well in a clinic/community setting?
Objective test = multiple choice. Not good for clinic/community setting
Performance test = complete task based on learning objectives. Works well in clinic/community setting
What is the difference between the legislative, executive and judiciary branch?
Legislative = Congress, senators, representatives
- introduce/enact laws, override vetos from Pres
Executive = president
- veto/sign legislation into law
Judiciary
- Can discard a law if it violates a person’s basic rights and freedoms
What is the difference between the FTC, FDA and FCC?
FTC aka Federal Trade Commission:
Regulates content of food ads, nutrition labeling, product claims
FDA:
Makes sure food is safe for consumption
FCC aka Federal Communications Commission:
Licenses radio and TV. Censored Eminem by not playing his music on MTV
What is the difference between QUOROM vs PRISMA vs MOOSE vs CONSORT?
QUOROM = proposed quality standards for reviewing/monitoring systematic reviews and meta-analyses
PRISMA = minimum set of items for reporting in systematic reviews/meta-analyses
MOOSE = meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology
CONSORT = common criteria for clinical trials
What are the 3 types of descriptive epidemiological studies?
A case report = detailed description of the person’s diagnosis, place, time, treatment, and responses to the treatment
A case series is a GROUP of case reports. Can be retrospective or prospective
An incidence/correlational/ecological study describes the number of new cases of a disease or condition during a specific time and in a specific population
A survey is a type of research that describes and quantifies details and characteristics of a population within a certain time frame
What is the difference between a parallel study, crossover study, and 2 period crossover study? They are all sub-categories of which type of epidemiological study?
All 3 are types of RCTs
Parallel study = participants are randomly assigned to a specific treatment and stay there
Crossover study = each participant serves as his own control
2-period crossover study = there is a crossover! Each participant first receives either the intervention or the control and then alternates in the second round.
- Advantage: variability is reduced since each participant is used twice, measured effect is difference in THAT participant’s response TO the intervention and control
- Disadvantage: longer than parallel studies and a higher amount of dropouts
What are the four types of observational studies?
Case control compares and documents exposure
- Case = group with the disease
- Control = group without the disease
Cohort observes if illness occurs in groups with a commonality by following and determining exposure.
Cross-sectional/prevalence defines exposure and disease in a population at a specific time
Quasi-experiemental/time series establishes the cause/effect of an intervention
- Not random
- E.g. before you start a program, you make measurements and then you make another set of measurements after a program is done to assess for changes
- Shows if there’s a continuation of previous patterns or if there’s a NOTEWORTHY CHANGE
What is the difference between validity and reliability? What is the difference between external and internal validity?
Validity aka a device accurately measures something
- If thermometer is not calibrated but shows the same degree every time, the device is reliable but not valid
- Internal validity = tests whether difference between two groups is real
- External validity = tests whether or not you can generalize results to a larger population
Reliability aka 1 test done twice, with the same exact results
- Less random variation in results → greater precision and greater reliability
What is the difference between sensitive and specific?
Sensitive = the test can correctly identify patients WITH the disease.
- How many SICK people are correctly identified as having the disease?
Specific = the test can correctly identify patients WITHOUT the disease.
- How many HEALTHY people are correctly identified as NOT having the disease?
- Relates to the number of negatives that are actually reported as negative. If there are a high number of false positives, then the test is not specific to the condition.
