Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR153 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Is a vitamin a good solution for health problems?

A

not really, however they cant hurt to take

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the best source of vitamins and minerals?

A

natural foods
it is unnecessary to take vitamins and minerals with a good diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some reasons that individuals take vitamins?

A

dietary insurance (usually overkill)
for energy (psychological)
prevent illness (not really true)
specific medical reasons (for eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the exception to the rule that natural is better than synthetic?

A

Vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is B12 the exception to the rule of natural>synthetic?

A

B12 is cleaved to proteins, stomach acid removes B12 from the protein, and as we age we tend to have less stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some situations where an individual is actually in need of vitamins?

A

impoverished
alcoholism
pregnancy/lactation
intense dieting
elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the automatic suggestion for vitamin D supplementation when a child is breast-fed? What about a formula-fed infant?

A

400IU
None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the dosage of vitamin D supplementation for an infant who lives in northern areas from October through April?

A

doubled what the regular amount is
800IU in breast-fed
400IU in formula-fed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much vitamin D is in one drop of Ddrops?

A

400IU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much iron is needed in infants up to 6 months?

A

not needed, enough stores at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false: a pharmacist can assess whether or not an infant needs an iron supplement

A

false
this is an MD assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How should iron be consumed for an infant after 6 months of age?

A

iron-enriched cereals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What schedule is Pediafer?

A

Schedule II
always directed by a doctor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the general consensus around vit/min supplementation for children?

A

natural is always the best way to go, try get vitamins and minerals from food sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin D for infants (0-12 months)?

A

400IU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Until what age do we double vitamin D dosage in northern areas?

A

0-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the RDA of Vit D for ages 1-70? Elders? Pregnancy+lactation?

A

600IU
800IU
600IU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin are we most concerned about in terms of toxicity?

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the issue with gummy or chewable vitamins?

A

less nutrients are packed in compared to an adult vitamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the importance of calcium intake in young girls?

A

early calcium load is good because most bone material is formed at 30 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two minerals we should be concerned about in young girls?

A

calcium and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the importance of iron intake in young girls?

A

monthly loss due to menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do most adults need a vitamin?

A

people who use them, likely do not need them
still help pick one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In general, what is the greatest source of vitamin D?

A

the sun, not very many foods are great sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When one is consistently using sunscreen, what should an individual take to ensure they are getting adequate vitamin D?

A

a vitamin D supplement as sunscreen can block the bio-activation process of making vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the main function of vitamin D?

A

calcium homeostasis and bone health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or false: vitamin D toxicity is common

A

false, it is extremely rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some reasons that an elder takes a vit/min?

A

lower appetite
eat less
health status
changing needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which two vits/mins do seniors need more of?

A

calcium and vitamin D (not significantly more)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which vitamin stays constant in the amount needed throughout life?

A

B12 (2.4ug)
2.4ug is the amount needed to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

At what age should we start using synthetic B12 and why?

A

Age 50 due to reduced stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is B12 virtually non-toxic?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is sub-lingual B12 better than the oral version?

A

no extra value, only increased price

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is pretty much always the automatic supplement recommendation for pregnancy?

A

Materna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the goal of Materna?

A

folic acid delivery system
folate must be in the mothers system pre-conception to prevent neural tube defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which are the four big vit/min concerns for pregnancy?

A

iron, folate, calcium, vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the amounts of iron, folate, calcium, and vitamin D needed during pregnancy?

A

Iron: 18mg—>27mg
Folate: 400ug—>400ug supp before + during preg
Calcium: 1000mg—>no change, unless high risk (+300mg)
Vitamin D: 600IU—>no change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When is 5mg of folic acid typically used in pregnancy?

A

high-risk pregnancies, pediatrician recommended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which vit/min usually gets the blame for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy? Which vit/min is most likely causing these symptoms?

A

iron
most likely the B vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which item has by-passed the OTC world and become a prescription to allow for insurance usage?

A

PregVit (due to having folate content greater than 1mg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which defect are we trying to prevent by using folic acid?

A

spina bifida (neural tube doesnt close or develop properly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When is folic acid usage the best?

A

pre-conception (3 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the goal of a multivitamin?

A

fill in nutritional gaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the RDA of calcium in ages 19-50? Does the RDA differ drastically for children and elders?

A

1000mg
no it does not differ drastically, only a couple hundred mg difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the UL for calcium?

A

2500mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Is calcium relatively side effect free? If we were to see side effects after passing the UL, what is the most likely side effect that we see?

A

yes it is relatively side effect free
possibly some constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Do we have to take calcium at a specific time of day? What about vitamin D?

A

no both can be taken at any time of day
vitamin D will figure it out and find a way to get the calcium in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Why is it not ideal to take 1000mg of calcium in one sitting?

A

we can only absorb 500mg at once
if we take 1000mg in a meal then we only absorb half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How much calcium is usually in a tablet? What about multivitamins?

A

500mg
usually 2-3x less in a multivitamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the most common salt of calcium?

A

calcium carbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

True or false: calcium should be taken with food

A

true
stomach acid is very helpful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the most elemental salt of calcium?

A

calcium carbonate (40%)

53
Q

What is special about these calciums: coral, chelated, natural source, Dolomite

A

NOTHING
often just lactate and gluconate with a fancy name
MORE $$

54
Q

What are the three salts of calcium that are price wise and work totally fine?

A

carbonate (40%)
gluconate (9%)
lactate (13%)

55
Q

Are Rolaids and Tums fine sources of calcium?

A

yes

56
Q

What salt is Citrical? How elemental is it?

A

calcium citrate
20%

57
Q

Can you take calcium carbonate as a PPI user or an elder?

A

yes BUT take the calc carb at meal time so that acid levels are elevated

58
Q

Who uses Citrical?

A

PPI users
elderly taking without food

59
Q

Which calcium should you use if you DO NOT take calcium at meal time?

A

citrical (requires less dissolution from stomach acid)

60
Q

What are the best drivers of good bone health?

A

calcium and weight-bearing exercise

61
Q

How are magnesium and calcium somewhat “counteracting”?

A

magnesium causes diarrhea and calcium causes constipation

62
Q

Why do people think that taking a tonic will increase their energy?

A

because they contain B vitamins=completely psychological

63
Q

What is the most available and accessible version of iron? Where do we get it from?

A

heme
from meat

64
Q

What is the RDA of iron for females?

A

15mg-teens
18mg-adults

65
Q

If we want more iron, how should we get it?

A

diet

66
Q

Name the salt of iron that matches each colour: blue, red, green. What is the availability of each?

A

blue=ferrous fumarate (33%)
red=ferrous sulfate (20%)
green=ferrous gluconate (12%)

67
Q

What colour is the Wampole version of ferrrous fumarate?

A

red

68
Q

If the MD or patient does not mention a preference, which iron should we start the patient on?

A

ferrous sulfate

69
Q

How much iron can you absorb when you are iron deficient? What about when we have plenty of iron?

A

20%
10%

70
Q

What can lead to decreased iron absorption? What can increase iron absorption?

A

decrease: food, protein, calcium, antacids, coffee/tea
increase: vitamin C (to an extent)

71
Q

Even though food can decrease the absorption of iron, why do we still recommend to take food with iron?

A

food is good to help the patient tolerate the iron

72
Q

How long does it take for symptoms of iron deficiency to be relieved?

A

2-3 weeks

73
Q

True or false: when taking iron supp, you must take it once a day

A

false
you can do every other day if you do not tolerate it well

74
Q

What does dark stool possibly mean?

A

unabsorbed iron
or blood loss up top due to blood being digested

75
Q

What is the UL for iron?

A

45mg

76
Q

What is the RDA of iron for men?

A

8mg

77
Q

Why is slow-release not a good design for iron?

A

iron is best absorbed quickly in the gut

78
Q

True or false: vit/min supps show strong value in reducing mortality, cancer, and CV disease

A

false

79
Q

What was the old use of niacin?

A

it was used in controlling cholesterol
“the poor mans statin”

80
Q

True or false: the amide component of niacinamide and nicotinamide has clinical value

A

false

81
Q

What is AMD?

A

age-related macular degeneration

82
Q

True or false: AMD is not reversible

A

true

83
Q

What are the eye vitamins for AMD?

A

AREDS

84
Q

Can the levels of agents in AREDS be captured by diet alone?

A

no

85
Q

What does a vitamin need to have the 1/4 chance of preventing the advanced stage of AMD?

A

AREDS or AREDS2

86
Q

What is the RDA for magnesium?

A

320-420mg

87
Q

What is magnesium likely used for?

A

heart health
leg cramps
bone health
depression
anti-constipation

88
Q

What is the RDA for potassium?

A

4700mg

89
Q

Why is Ensure/Boost so good?

A

100% nutrition
has all the carbs, proteins, fats, vits/mins to keep you sustained

90
Q

Why is Glucerna marketed towards diabetics?

A

it contains complex carbs that are less likely to lead to glucose spikes
it replaces fast-acting carbs for slow-acting carbs

91
Q

What are some roles of vitamin C?

A

synthesis of collagen
wound healing
antioxidant

92
Q

What are the RDAs of vitamin C for males and females?

A

males: 90mg
females: 75mg

93
Q

What are the best sources of vitamin C?

A

fruits (citrus) and vegetables

94
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin E?

A

22.4IU

95
Q

What are some sources of vitamin E?

A

nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

96
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin K?

A

90-120ug

97
Q

Role of vitamin K?

A

helping the blood clot

98
Q

What are sources of vitamin K?

A

leafy greens, our bacteria

99
Q

Which vitamin can screw with the activity of warfarin?

A

K

100
Q

In general, are vitamin interactions a serious concern?

A

no

101
Q

What could happen if you take both a multivitamin and mineral oil at night?

A

the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) could leach into the mineral oil and be leached out, this is not a big problem

102
Q

At what dose could vitamin E have an interaction with warfarin?

A

400IU (this wont happen with a multivitamin)

103
Q

Which minerals can leach to tetracycline?

A

Ca and Fe
this makes tetracycline less effective

104
Q

How could antacids effect the absorption of Fe?

A

stomach acid is helpful in dissociating Fe, so antacids can prevent this

105
Q

What is the effect of corticosteroids on calcium?

A

corticosteroids can leach Ca out of the bones

106
Q

Should you be taking a potassium supplement when on a diuretic? Should this potassium be Rx or OTC level?

A

yes because you look some K with diuretics
Rx level

107
Q

True or false: oral vitamin A has a different effect on acne compared to topical retinoids

A

false, same effect

108
Q

What kind of vitamin/mineral deficiency are pharmacists likely to discover?

A

NONE
clinical intervention is beyond our scope of practice

109
Q

What does the process look like when someone asks about vitamins?

A

is it for you?
how is your diet?
are you concerned about any particular vitamin or mineral?
is this MD warranted?

110
Q

What is probably the best recommendation you can make when someone wants a multivitamin?

A

pick the one with the most ingredients
this will cover all bases, we are guessing for dietary assurance

111
Q

If an infant is put on Pediafer, how much iron are they taking in?

A

15mg (only taking Pediafer when deemed deficient)

112
Q

What is the UL of vitamin D for infants (0-6mo) and children & adults?

A

1000IU
4000IU

113
Q

What are the RDAs of calcium and vitamin D for the following age groups: 31-50, 51-70, >70

A

31-50: calcium 1000mg, vit d 600IU
51-70: calcium 1200mg, vit d 600IU
>70: calcium 1200mg, vit d 800IU

114
Q

Do seniors who take a multivitamin need to take separate vitamin D and calcium?

A

vitamin D: no, MV has plenty
calcium: if they have no calcium in their diet, a separate tablet might be a good idea

115
Q

Health Canada states that a pregnancy supp should contain ___mg of ___

A

16-20mg of iron

116
Q

How long should a folic acid supp be taken for pre-conception, pregnancy, and post-delivery?

A

pre-conception: 3 months
pregnancy: duration
post-delivery: 6 weeks

117
Q

True or false: it is easy to get the 0.4mg of folate needed per day via natural foods

A

false

118
Q

How much calcium is in one cup of milk?

A

300mg

119
Q

List the most common forms of calcium and how elemental each is.

A

calcium carbonate 40%
calcium lactate 13%
calcium gluconate 9%

120
Q

FeraMax contains 150mg elemental iron. Who probably needs this?

A

iron-deficient ppl

121
Q

List food sources for the following: calcium, magnesium, iron

A

calcium: dairy products, fortified OJ, salmon, sardines
magnesium: legumes, nuts, whole grains, dark green veg
iron: meat, fish, poultry, whole grains

122
Q

Differentiate between dry and wet AMD.

A

dry type: like cholesterol in the eye, has the stages of early-intermediate-advanced
wet type: vascular tissues are deficient and leak out serum and blood into macular area, automatically advanced

123
Q

True or false: the 500mg tablet of magnesium is likely to cause diarrhea

A

false
the starting dose for diarrhea is around 1g

124
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant

125
Q

What is the RDA (19-50yrs) for vitamin A?

A

men: 3000IU
women: 2333IU

126
Q

What is the role of vitamin A?

A

vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division

127
Q

What are some sources of vitamin A?

A

liver, fish oils, whole milk, eggs

128
Q

What is the general function of vitamins B1-6

A

enzyme function in the metabolism of macros

129
Q

What are sources of B12? Function?

A

meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, poultry
red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, neurological function

PHAR153 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions