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Nutrition 2020 > vitamins > Flashcards

vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Carotinoids and A,D,E,K

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2
Q

what are the physiological function of beta carotene?

A
  1. Protect biomembrane
  2. Synthesis of progesterone (cattle, deer)
  3. Immune stimulant
  4. Anti cancer
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3
Q

What are the daily requirments of beta carotene of dairy cows?

A

Dairy cow: 300-600 mg/day

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4
Q

Which deficiency do you get if you lack beta carotene?

A

Troubles of the ovulation/ovarial function (low LH) – cattle only

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5
Q

Where is beta carotene found?

A 
Lutein (grass, alfalfa)
Zeaxanthin (corn) 
Apocarotine (orange)
Canthaxanthin (chanterelle)
Capsantin (paprika)
Violaxanthin (crab)
Licopin (tomato)
Echinenone (sea star)
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6
Q

control of supply of beta carotene:

A

Feed analysis

Color of serum: 5,6 mmol/l

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7
Q

Physiological functions of vitamin A:

A
  1. Maintenance of normal epithelial cell proliferation
  2. Mucous formation (glycoproteins)
  3. Chondroitin sulphate synthesis
  4. Increase number of receptors of growth factors on cells
  5. Steroid synthesis
  6. Increase lymphocytes
  7. Antioxidant effect
  8. Role in nigh vision
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8
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A causes:

A

Papilloedema, bindness – caused by increased CSF pressure – calf
Blindness – night blindness – rhodopsin
Malformation with hydrocephalus, hernia menisci – piglet
Keratomalacia: keratinization of oesophageal mucosa, accumulation of dead cells around gland duct, increased risk of infections – chicken
Visceral gout with urate crystals
Xerophthalmia
Osteomalacia
Deficiency in turtles

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9
Q

Where do you find vitamin A?

A

Liver, egg, cod liver oil – retiny ester

Carrot, turnip, alfalfa – beta carotene

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10
Q

Physiological function of vitamin D:

A
  1. Ca-P metabolism
  2. Increase transcription of calcium binding protein (CaBP)
  3. Increase in mineralization of bones in younger animals
  4. Demineralization of bone in older animal – PTH like activity
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11
Q

Daily requirements of vit D:

A

Cow: 500-1000 IU/day
Monogastric: 1000-3000 IU/day

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12
Q

Deficiency of vit D cause:

A

Rachitis – young – rickets
Osteomalatia – adult
Milk fever – cow
Poor egg formation

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13
Q

Overdose of vit D cause:

A

calciphylaxis

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14
Q

Where do you find Vit D:

A

Plant origin, alfalfa – ergocalciferol

Egg, milk - cholecalciferol

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15
Q

Control of supply of vit D:

A 
Ca-P of feed
Alkaline phosphatase of blood plasma: 
-	increase if deficiency
-	decrease if overdose or normal level 
Ratio of active/inactive D3 in serum: show good or poor supply
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16
Q

Physiological function of vit E

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Avoid myodegeneration
  3. Immunostimulant
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17
Q

Daily requirments of vit E

A

Cow: 150-300 mg/day
Monogastric: 10-40 mg/kg feed

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18
Q

Deficiency of vit E cause :

A

Encephalomalacia – crazy chicken disease
- (cerebellum hyperplasia and edema)
Exudative diasthesis
VESD: vitamin E selenium deficiency syndrome
- (multberry heart disease) – swine
PSE – pale soft exudative
White muscle disease: zenker necrosis/ myodegeneration
- (hind quarter muscles)
Cardiomyopathy – Calf
Yellow fat disease – pansteatitis – cat, mink

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19
Q

Where is vit e found?

A

Plant origin: wheat germ oil

Animal origin: egg, butter, milk, meat

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20
Q

Control of supply, vit E:

A

Concentration in blood
Activity of SOD (automatic antioxidant)
Remove toxic O2
-High SOD = low vitamin E

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21
Q

Physological function of vit K:

A
  1. Anti- haemorrhagic

2. Blood clotting factor

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22
Q

Daily requirments of vit K:

A

Daily supply is necessary!!

2-10 mg/kg feed

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23
Q

Deficiency of vit K:

A

Anemia
Haemorrhage – petechia formation
Bleeding of the placenta in pregnant and lactating rabbits

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24
Q

Antivitamins of vit K

A

Dicoumarol poisoning – mellilotus officinalis (mouldy)

Coumarin /Warfarin – rat poison

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25
Q

Where do you find vit K?

A

Green forages and microbes

  • K1: phylloquinone (plant): alfalfa, chesnut leaves
  • K2: microbial source
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26
Q

Control of supply, vit K:

A

Blood clotting time

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27
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B,C

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28
Q

What are the name of B1?

A

Thiamine

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29
Q

Physiological function of B1:

A
  1. Aids in the function of the heart, cardiovascular system, brain and nervous system(production of nerve impulses and acetylcholine from AcCoA)
  2. Co-factor enzymes
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30
Q

Daily requirments of vit B1?

A

Monogastric: 1-3 mg/kg feed
Calf: 1-4 mg/kg feed
Cow: can synthesize on their own

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31
Q

Deficiency of B1 cause:

A

CCN: cerebrocortical necrosis, polyneuritis, opsthotonos
- Calves, lambs
General weakness, cyanosis, polyneuritis – chicken
Polyneuritis: tail in equines/horse
Chasteks paralysis – feeding raw fish in fox, mink
Beri-beri disease: two types
- Wet: edema, cardiac damage, bradycardia
- Dry: neuromuscular damage, weakness

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32
Q

Where do you find vit B1?

A

Brand, germ of cereal

Yeast, egg yolk, milk, meat

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33
Q

What is the name of B2?

A

Riboflavin

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34
Q

physiological function of B2:

A

Cofactor of enzymes – FAD, FMN

  • Respiratory chain
  • Glutathione reductase
  • Fat synthesis
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35
Q

Daily requirments of B2?

A

4-10 mg/kg feed

Rumen microbes can synthesize

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36
Q

Deficiency of vit B2:

A

Curled toe disease: broiler chickens
- Degeneration of the myelin sheath on peripheral nerves
High embryo mortality – in clubbed down conditions
Dry, desquamative dermatitis on whole body of pig
Slow growth

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37
Q

Where is vit B2 found?

A

Vegetables

Yeast, milk, egg, meat, liver

38
Q

Control of supply B2:

A

Glutathione – reductase on erythrocytes

39
Q

Another name of vit B3:

A

Niacin, nicotinic acid

40
Q

Physiological function of B3:

A

NAD, NADP cofactors to enzymes

Hydrogen ion acceptor

41
Q

Daily requirments of B3:

A

Monogastric: 15-80 mg/kg feed
Cow: 1-6 g/cow/day

42
Q

Deficiency of B3:

A

Human: pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Dry, localized dermatitis in axillary region – chicken
Coarse hair on ears, neck and back – pig
Diarrhea
Slow growth
Black tounge disease in dogs

43
Q

Where do you find B3?

A

Animal: meat, liver (small amount in egg, milk)
Plant: legumes, peanut, wheat germ, yeast

44
Q

Another name of B5:

A

Panthotenic acid

45
Q

Physiological function of vit B5:

A 
Acetylcholine synthesis 
Detoxification (acetyl group)
HSCoA uptake and release 
Heme synthesis 
Role in ketolysis 
Role in ketogenesis
46
Q

Daily requirment of vit B5:

A

6-20 mg/kg feed

47
Q

Deficiency of B5:

A 
Descendent dermatitis – poultry 
Goose stepping – pigs
Hair color loss – rat 
Slow growth 
Anemia 
Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea – poultry
48
Q

Where is B5 found?

A

Animal tissue, yolk, yeasts

Green plants

49
Q

Control of supply, B5:

A

CoA level in RBC and hepatocytes

50
Q

Another name of B6

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal

51
Q

Physiological function of B6:

A

Co factor for PALP
Synthesis of haemoglobin
Protein and amino acid turnover

52
Q

Daily requirments of B6:

A

2-8 mg/kg feed

53
Q

Deficiency of B6 cause:

A 
Exudative dermatitis – pig 
-	Conjunctivitis 
-	Secondary infections
Ascites – dog 
Eyelid oedema – poultry 
Rough, colorless, deficient plumage - poultry
54
Q

Where do you find B6?

A

Yeast, egg yolk, liver, meat, cereals

55
Q

Control of supply, B6:

A

Liver enzymes: AST, ALT (transamination)

56
Q

Another name of B12:

A

Cyanocobalamin

57
Q

Physiological function of B12:

A

Co factor DA cobalamin

Nucleic acid synthesis (together with folic acid B9)

58
Q

Daily requirments of B12:

A

10-15 ug/kg

Ruminants: 300ug/kg

59
Q

Deficiency of B12 cause:

A

Anemia
Slow growth, dishevelled coat
Aspecific syndromes

60
Q

Where is B12 found:

A

Animal origin: liver, egg yolk, kidney

Microbes: can synthesize, need cobalt?

61
Q

Control of supply, B12:

A

Blood B12 levels

Urinary methyl-malonyl excretion

62
Q

Another name of Vit C:

A

ascorbic acid

63
Q

Daily requirments of Vit C:

A

Guinea pig: 5 mg/kg LW/day
Fish: 500 mg/kg feed
Poultry: 100-200 mg/kg feed

64
Q

Physiological function of vit C

A 
Bone and cartilage 
Conjunctive tissue, gums development 
Antioxidant 
Bile acid synthesis 
Steroid hormone synthesis 
Heme synthesis
65
Q

Deficiency of vit C causes:

A 
Scurvey 
Stress 
Anemia 
Trouble with bone development
-	lack of ossification
-	shortening of tibia, 
-	prone position 
Muscle atrophy in guinea pigs
66
Q

Where is vit C found?

A

Fresh fruit
Vegetables: potato, carrot
Alfalfa, grass
Some animal products

67
Q

Control of supply vit C;

A

Absorbed by active transport in human and guinea pigs

Passive transport in other animals

68
Q

Another name of vit B7?

A

Vit H or biotin

69
Q

physiological function of biotin:

A

Co factor in GNG
Co factor in FatA synthesis
Skin protection
Hair and hoof

70
Q

Daily requirments of biotin:

A

50-500 g/kg feed

71
Q

Deficiency of biotin cause:

A

Ascending dermatitis / ulcerative – poultry
Slow growth and dermatitis – rat
Perosis: enlargement of hock with lateral distortion – turkey
- slipping of the tendon
Sneaker sow syndrome – pig
- ragged sole, encrusting dermatitis on the head
alopecia and dermatitis – cat, mink
fatty liver and kidney disease

72
Q

Antivitamin of biotin:

A

Avidin in raw egg white – form non absorbable complex

Rancid feed – depigmentation in foxes

73
Q

Where can you find biotin?

A

Vegetables, fruits, rice bran
Milk, yeast, egg yolk, liver
Mushroom

74
Q

Control of supply, biotin:

A

Blood pyruvate carboxylase

75
Q

Other vitmins or vitamin like substances:

A 
Choline, 
PUFA
L-karnithine
Taurine
PQQ
76
Q

Physiological function of choline:

A

Lipotropic agent: prevent deposition in the liver
Precursor of lechitin + sphingomyelin synthesis
Methyl donor in chemical reactions = lipotrop activity
Acethylcholine synthesis

77
Q

Daily requirments of choline:

A

Monogastric: 200-1200 mg/kg feed

78
Q

Deficiency of choline causes:

A

FLHS: fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome – laying hen
Haemorrhagic kidney degeneration
Less acetylcholine
Slow growth

79
Q

Where do you find choline?

A

High amount in yeasts, fish meal, soy bean

Lower in cereal

80
Q

What does PUFA stand for?

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

81
Q

Give some PUFA or omega 3 and 6 fatty acids:

A
  • Oleic 18:1, linoleic 18:2, linolenic 18:3
  • Arachidonic acid 20:4
  • EPA- eicosa pentaenic acid 20:5
  • DHA – docosa hexaenic acid 22:6
82
Q

Deficiency of PUFA causes:

A

Dry dermatitis
Seborrhea
Athero-sclerosis 1 and 2

83
Q

Physiological function of L-karnithine:

A

Cofactor for palmitoyl transferase enzyme
- Carrying ling FA chains through mitochondrial membrane for beta oxidation
Improve the body condition: fat burner

84
Q

Deficiency of L-Karnithine causes:

A 
Retarded growth (mealworm)
Prone to fatty liver – human, dairy cow
85
Q

Taurine is only for one specific animal, which ?

A

Dopus

86
Q

Deficiency of taurine causes:

A 
Retinal degenaeration 
Poor growth 
Poor reproductive performance – queen 
Cardiomyopathy 
Low birth weights 
Compromised immune function
87
Q

where is taurine found?

A

Oysters

88
Q

What does PQQ stand for?

A

– pirrolo Quinolin quinon

  • The youngest vitamin
  • Vitamin B(ed)
89
Q

Deficiency of PQQ causes:

A

Dermatitis – mice

Reproductive troubles – mice

90
Q

Where can you find PQQ?

A

Green tea
Green pepper
Papaya

Nutrition 2020 (11 decks)

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