vitamins Flashcards
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
Carotinoids and A,D,E,K
what are the physiological function of beta carotene?
- Protect biomembrane
- Synthesis of progesterone (cattle, deer)
- Immune stimulant
- Anti cancer
What are the daily requirments of beta carotene of dairy cows?
Dairy cow: 300-600 mg/day
Which deficiency do you get if you lack beta carotene?
Troubles of the ovulation/ovarial function (low LH) – cattle only
Where is beta carotene found?
Lutein (grass, alfalfa) Zeaxanthin (corn) Apocarotine (orange) Canthaxanthin (chanterelle) Capsantin (paprika) Violaxanthin (crab) Licopin (tomato) Echinenone (sea star)
control of supply of beta carotene:
Feed analysis
Color of serum: 5,6 mmol/l
Physiological functions of vitamin A:
- Maintenance of normal epithelial cell proliferation
- Mucous formation (glycoproteins)
- Chondroitin sulphate synthesis
- Increase number of receptors of growth factors on cells
- Steroid synthesis
- Increase lymphocytes
- Antioxidant effect
- Role in nigh vision
Deficiency of vitamin A causes:
Papilloedema, bindness – caused by increased CSF pressure – calf
Blindness – night blindness – rhodopsin
Malformation with hydrocephalus, hernia menisci – piglet
Keratomalacia: keratinization of oesophageal mucosa, accumulation of dead cells around gland duct, increased risk of infections – chicken
Visceral gout with urate crystals
Xerophthalmia
Osteomalacia
Deficiency in turtles
Where do you find vitamin A?
Liver, egg, cod liver oil – retiny ester
Carrot, turnip, alfalfa – beta carotene
Physiological function of vitamin D:
- Ca-P metabolism
- Increase transcription of calcium binding protein (CaBP)
- Increase in mineralization of bones in younger animals
- Demineralization of bone in older animal – PTH like activity
Daily requirements of vit D:
Cow: 500-1000 IU/day
Monogastric: 1000-3000 IU/day
Deficiency of vit D cause:
Rachitis – young – rickets
Osteomalatia – adult
Milk fever – cow
Poor egg formation
Overdose of vit D cause:
calciphylaxis
Where do you find Vit D:
Plant origin, alfalfa – ergocalciferol
Egg, milk - cholecalciferol
Control of supply of vit D:
Ca-P of feed Alkaline phosphatase of blood plasma: - increase if deficiency - decrease if overdose or normal level Ratio of active/inactive D3 in serum: show good or poor supply
Physiological function of vit E
- Antioxidant
- Avoid myodegeneration
- Immunostimulant
Daily requirments of vit E
Cow: 150-300 mg/day
Monogastric: 10-40 mg/kg feed
Deficiency of vit E cause :
Encephalomalacia – crazy chicken disease
- (cerebellum hyperplasia and edema)
Exudative diasthesis
VESD: vitamin E selenium deficiency syndrome
- (multberry heart disease) – swine
PSE – pale soft exudative
White muscle disease: zenker necrosis/ myodegeneration
- (hind quarter muscles)
Cardiomyopathy – Calf
Yellow fat disease – pansteatitis – cat, mink
Where is vit e found?
Plant origin: wheat germ oil
Animal origin: egg, butter, milk, meat
Control of supply, vit E:
Concentration in blood
Activity of SOD (automatic antioxidant)
Remove toxic O2
-High SOD = low vitamin E
Physological function of vit K:
- Anti- haemorrhagic
2. Blood clotting factor
Daily requirments of vit K:
Daily supply is necessary!!
2-10 mg/kg feed
Deficiency of vit K:
Anemia
Haemorrhage – petechia formation
Bleeding of the placenta in pregnant and lactating rabbits
Antivitamins of vit K
Dicoumarol poisoning – mellilotus officinalis (mouldy)
Coumarin /Warfarin – rat poison
Where do you find vit K?
Green forages and microbes
- K1: phylloquinone (plant): alfalfa, chesnut leaves
- K2: microbial source
Control of supply, vit K:
Blood clotting time
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B,C
What are the name of B1?
Thiamine
Physiological function of B1:
- Aids in the function of the heart, cardiovascular system, brain and nervous system(production of nerve impulses and acetylcholine from AcCoA)
- Co-factor enzymes
Daily requirments of vit B1?
Monogastric: 1-3 mg/kg feed
Calf: 1-4 mg/kg feed
Cow: can synthesize on their own
Deficiency of B1 cause:
CCN: cerebrocortical necrosis, polyneuritis, opsthotonos
- Calves, lambs
General weakness, cyanosis, polyneuritis – chicken
Polyneuritis: tail in equines/horse
Chasteks paralysis – feeding raw fish in fox, mink
Beri-beri disease: two types
- Wet: edema, cardiac damage, bradycardia
- Dry: neuromuscular damage, weakness
Where do you find vit B1?
Brand, germ of cereal
Yeast, egg yolk, milk, meat
What is the name of B2?
Riboflavin
physiological function of B2:
Cofactor of enzymes – FAD, FMN
- Respiratory chain
- Glutathione reductase
- Fat synthesis
Daily requirments of B2?
4-10 mg/kg feed
Rumen microbes can synthesize
Deficiency of vit B2:
Curled toe disease: broiler chickens
- Degeneration of the myelin sheath on peripheral nerves
High embryo mortality – in clubbed down conditions
Dry, desquamative dermatitis on whole body of pig
Slow growth
Where is vit B2 found?
Vegetables
Yeast, milk, egg, meat, liver
Control of supply B2:
Glutathione – reductase on erythrocytes
Another name of vit B3:
Niacin, nicotinic acid
Physiological function of B3:
NAD, NADP cofactors to enzymes
Hydrogen ion acceptor
Daily requirments of B3:
Monogastric: 15-80 mg/kg feed
Cow: 1-6 g/cow/day
Deficiency of B3:
Human: pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Dry, localized dermatitis in axillary region – chicken
Coarse hair on ears, neck and back – pig
Diarrhea
Slow growth
Black tounge disease in dogs
Where do you find B3?
Animal: meat, liver (small amount in egg, milk)
Plant: legumes, peanut, wheat germ, yeast
Another name of B5:
Panthotenic acid
Physiological function of vit B5:
Acetylcholine synthesis Detoxification (acetyl group) HSCoA uptake and release Heme synthesis Role in ketolysis Role in ketogenesis
Daily requirment of vit B5:
6-20 mg/kg feed
Deficiency of B5:
Descendent dermatitis – poultry Goose stepping – pigs Hair color loss – rat Slow growth Anemia Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea – poultry
Where is B5 found?
Animal tissue, yolk, yeasts
Green plants
Control of supply, B5:
CoA level in RBC and hepatocytes
Another name of B6
Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal
Physiological function of B6:
Co factor for PALP
Synthesis of haemoglobin
Protein and amino acid turnover
Daily requirments of B6:
2-8 mg/kg feed
Deficiency of B6 cause:
Exudative dermatitis – pig - Conjunctivitis - Secondary infections Ascites – dog Eyelid oedema – poultry Rough, colorless, deficient plumage - poultry
Where do you find B6?
Yeast, egg yolk, liver, meat, cereals
Control of supply, B6:
Liver enzymes: AST, ALT (transamination)
Another name of B12:
Cyanocobalamin
Physiological function of B12:
Co factor DA cobalamin
Nucleic acid synthesis (together with folic acid B9)
Daily requirments of B12:
10-15 ug/kg
Ruminants: 300ug/kg
Deficiency of B12 cause:
Anemia
Slow growth, dishevelled coat
Aspecific syndromes
Where is B12 found:
Animal origin: liver, egg yolk, kidney
Microbes: can synthesize, need cobalt?
Control of supply, B12:
Blood B12 levels
Urinary methyl-malonyl excretion
Another name of Vit C:
ascorbic acid
Daily requirments of Vit C:
Guinea pig: 5 mg/kg LW/day
Fish: 500 mg/kg feed
Poultry: 100-200 mg/kg feed
Physiological function of vit C
Bone and cartilage Conjunctive tissue, gums development Antioxidant Bile acid synthesis Steroid hormone synthesis Heme synthesis
Deficiency of vit C causes:
Scurvey Stress Anemia Trouble with bone development - lack of ossification - shortening of tibia, - prone position Muscle atrophy in guinea pigs
Where is vit C found?
Fresh fruit
Vegetables: potato, carrot
Alfalfa, grass
Some animal products
Control of supply vit C;
Absorbed by active transport in human and guinea pigs
Passive transport in other animals
Another name of vit B7?
Vit H or biotin
physiological function of biotin:
Co factor in GNG
Co factor in FatA synthesis
Skin protection
Hair and hoof
Daily requirments of biotin:
50-500 g/kg feed
Deficiency of biotin cause:
Ascending dermatitis / ulcerative – poultry
Slow growth and dermatitis – rat
Perosis: enlargement of hock with lateral distortion – turkey
- slipping of the tendon
Sneaker sow syndrome – pig
- ragged sole, encrusting dermatitis on the head
alopecia and dermatitis – cat, mink
fatty liver and kidney disease
Antivitamin of biotin:
Avidin in raw egg white – form non absorbable complex
Rancid feed – depigmentation in foxes
Where can you find biotin?
Vegetables, fruits, rice bran
Milk, yeast, egg yolk, liver
Mushroom
Control of supply, biotin:
Blood pyruvate carboxylase
Other vitmins or vitamin like substances:
Choline, PUFA L-karnithine Taurine PQQ
Physiological function of choline:
Lipotropic agent: prevent deposition in the liver
Precursor of lechitin + sphingomyelin synthesis
Methyl donor in chemical reactions = lipotrop activity
Acethylcholine synthesis
Daily requirments of choline:
Monogastric: 200-1200 mg/kg feed
Deficiency of choline causes:
FLHS: fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome – laying hen
Haemorrhagic kidney degeneration
Less acetylcholine
Slow growth
Where do you find choline?
High amount in yeasts, fish meal, soy bean
Lower in cereal
What does PUFA stand for?
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Give some PUFA or omega 3 and 6 fatty acids:
- Oleic 18:1, linoleic 18:2, linolenic 18:3
- Arachidonic acid 20:4
- EPA- eicosa pentaenic acid 20:5
- DHA – docosa hexaenic acid 22:6
Deficiency of PUFA causes:
Dry dermatitis
Seborrhea
Athero-sclerosis 1 and 2
Physiological function of L-karnithine:
Cofactor for palmitoyl transferase enzyme
- Carrying ling FA chains through mitochondrial membrane for beta oxidation
Improve the body condition: fat burner
Deficiency of L-Karnithine causes:
Retarded growth (mealworm) Prone to fatty liver – human, dairy cow
Taurine is only for one specific animal, which ?
Dopus
Deficiency of taurine causes:
Retinal degenaeration Poor growth Poor reproductive performance – queen Cardiomyopathy Low birth weights Compromised immune function
where is taurine found?
Oysters
What does PQQ stand for?
– pirrolo Quinolin quinon
- The youngest vitamin
- Vitamin B(ed)
Deficiency of PQQ causes:
Dermatitis – mice
Reproductive troubles – mice
Where can you find PQQ?
Green tea
Green pepper
Papaya
