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Nutrition 2020 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

which minerals belong to the macromineral group

A 
calcium 
magnesium 
sodium 
potassium 
(sulphur, chloride, iron)
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2
Q

what minerals belong to the micromineral group

A 
chromium
cobalt
copper
fluoride 
iodine 
iron 
manganese 
selenium
zinc
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3
Q

what is the main role of minerals

A
  1. bone: 25% ash, 36% Ca, 17% P, 0,8% Mg
  2. teeth: fluoride
  3. hair, wool, hooves: S-aminoacids and others
  4. soft tissues
  5. blood elements: Fe, Ca, Co
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4
Q

functional support of minerals

A
  • maintain acid-bace balance: na, k, ca, mg, cl
  • maintain osmotic balance: sodium, potassium, chloride
  • facilitate the transfer of nutrients across cell membranes: na, k, ca, mg
  • maintain proper nerve conduction: na, ca, k, mg
  • help to contract and relax muscles: ca, mg
  • in enzyme systems regulating cellular functions: se – glutathione peroxidase. B12 vitamin
  • regulate bodys tissue growth: iodine in T3, T4
  • help expression and regulation of genes
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5
Q

calcium

biological function

A
  1. bone structure
  2. blood clotting (prothrombin and thrombin)
  3. muscle contraction
  4. neurotransmission
  5. enzyme activator
  6. egg production: 2g ca per egg ca
  7. neutralizes acidity
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6
Q

calcium

what are the general deficiency diseases

A

acute hypocalcemia
chronic hypocalcemia
calcium and phosphorous deprevation

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7
Q

calcium

deficiency in ruminants

A

Ruminants: hypocakcaemia

ruminants: milk fever

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8
Q

calcium

ruminant hypocalcemia

A
  • decreased GI and rumen motility - risk of abdominal displacement
  • decreased appetite - fat mobilization, ketosis
  • decreased muscle contractability - closing of teats - risk of mastitis
  • downer cow syndrome
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9
Q

calcium

ruminant milk fever

A

high yealding older lactating cows

  • 48 hrs after calving
  • Muscular weakness, circulatory failure, muscle twitching
  • Anorexia, rumen stasis
  • Convulsions or tetany
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10
Q

calcium

hypocalcemia in Ca, Fe

A

Ca, fe: hypocalcemia

  • Postpartum eclampsia / puerpera tetany
  • Prior to birth
  • Underactive parathyroid gland
  • Calcium supplementation during pregnancy
  • Inadequate Ca:P ratio in diet during pregnancy
  • Muscle tremors, tetany, convulsions
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11
Q

cacium

equine hypocalcemia

A

Equine hypocalcemia

  • Sweat
  • Diaphragmatic flutter: endotoxaemia, endurance horses
  • Lactation tetany: 2 weeks before delivery – weaning
  • Transport tetany
  • Blister beetle toxicosis
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12
Q

calcium

where is it found

A

Forages – legumes – alfalfa
Milk and milk replacers
(cereals are low)

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13
Q

calcium

control of supply

A

feedstuff

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14
Q

chloride

biological function

A
  1. main EC anion
  2. always together with na or k – cellular pump function
  3. production of HCl in stomach
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15
Q

chloride

daily requirements

A

Bo: 2-2,5 g/kg DM
Ov: 1,8-2,5 g/kg
Su: 2-3 g
DM 0,3% of daily feed ration

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16
Q

chloride

deficiency

A

Hyperchloremia - metabolic alkalosis

  • horse: endurance exercise – sweating
  • ruminants: abomasal displacement
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17
Q

chloride

where is it found

A

Fish and meat meal – not to food producing animals

Grass: 0,03

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18
Q

magnesium

biological function

A
  1. enzyme activity
  2. metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
  3. cell membrane functions
  4. neurotransmission
  5. increase alkalinity
  6. processing ATP
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19
Q

magnesium

daily requirements

A

Bo: 0,7-2,5 g/kg DM
Ov: 1,2-1,8 g/kg
Sus: 0,4 g

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20
Q

magnesium

deficiency

A

Inflammation – SIRS: low mg
Neurotransmission: low resting membrane potential- convulsions
Insulin resistance
Decreased PTH production - hypocalcemia
Grass tetany / winter tetany/ calf tetany

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21
Q

magnesium

grass tetany

A

Grass tetany / winter tetany/ calf tetany:

  • lactating beef cow in pasture: spring grass: low mg, ruminal acidosis and high pasture K decrease absorption of Mg in forestomach, parallel hypocalcemia common
  • winter: poor quality feed
  • calves: milk replacers
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22
Q

magnesium

where is it found

A

Mineral supplement: mgo, mgco3, mgso4

Alfalfa

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23
Q

magnesium

control of supply

A

Serum levels
Absorption
Excretion
- feces, urine

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24
Q

phosphorous

biological function

A
  1. formation and maintenance of bone
  2. deoxy- and ribonucleic acid component
  3. cell membrane formation
  4. osmotic and acid base balance maintenance
  5. ATP
  6. Fatty acid transportation, amino acid and protein synthesis
  7. Sodium / potassium ion pomp activity
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25
Q

phosphorous

deficiency

A 
Hyperphosphatemia 
-	Cell lysis
Hypophosphatemia 
-	Refeeding syndrome: Hyperinsulinemia/hyperglycemia P goes into cell 
-	Haemolysis 
-	Rhabdomyolysis 
-	Nervous system
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26
Q

phosphorous

where is it found

A

Grains – cereals
Lesser amounts: green forages, legumes, mineral supplement
Mineral supplements

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27
Q

phosphorous

control of supply

A

Absorption: small and large intestine
- Decreased: phytate
- Increased vitamin D
Excretion: Feed Urine

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28
Q

potassium

biological function

A
  1. Main IC ion – systemic electrolyte
  2. Highest concentration in muscle
  3. Coregulating ATP with sodium
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29
Q

potassium

daily requirements

A

Bo: 6,5-10 g/kg
Ov: 5-8 g/kg
Sus: 1,7-2,8 g

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30
Q

potassium

deficiency

A

Rare
Loss of appetite
Wekness
Ru: high K in close up dry cows feed, increase risk of milk fever

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31
Q

potassium

where is it found

A

Forages – feed of plant origin

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32
Q

potassium

control of supply

A

Short term control: serum, insulin

Long term: urine, sweat ruminants

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33
Q

sodium

biological function

A
  1. Main EC cation – systemic electrolyte
  2. Homeostatic control
  3. Coregulating ATP with potassium
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34
Q

sodium

daily requirements

A

Bo: 1-1,9 g/kg
Ov: 0,9-1,8 g/kg
Sus: 1,5-2 g
DM 0,15-0,2 % NaCl supplementation of daily ration

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35
Q

sodium

hyponatremia

A

acute low serum Na

chronic low Na intake

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36
Q

sodium

acute low serum Na

A

Acute low serum Na:

  • Behavioural abnormalities, vomiting, convulsions, decreased consciousness
  • Causes: dehydration: vomit and diarrhe, euhydration: Addison or SIDAH, hyperhydration: renal insufficiency
37
Q

sodium

chronic low Na intake

A

Chronic low Na intake

  • Pica, cannibalism in broilers
  • Pu pd
  • Weight loss
  • Limiting milk production
38
Q

sodium

hypernatremia

A

Hypernatremia
High na: thirst, disorientation convulsions, PU
- Dehydratin: heat stress, sweat, burns
- Euhydration: diabetes insipidus, salt toxicosis
- Hyperhydraton: cushings

39
Q

sodium

where is it found

A

Feed of animal origin – fish meal

plant origin does not have enough

40
Q

sodium

control of supply

A

Excretion: Faeces, saliva, saliva, sweat

41
Q

cobalt

biological function

A
  1. Part of vitamin B12

2. Enzyme activator: methyl-malonyl-CoA cholesterol synthesis

42
Q

cobalt

daily requirements

A

1% Co supply (long release bolus)

- Only required in ruminants where rumen bacteria produce B12

43
Q

cobalt

deficiency

A

Growth depression – ruminants
Anemia
White liver disease - sheep

44
Q

cobalt

overdose / toxicity

A

rare
Toxicosis: fatty liver, pneumothorax
Polycytemia in monogastric animals

45
Q

cobalt

where is it found

A

Legumes

Plants, yeasts, molasses, coprophagy

46
Q

copper

biological function

A
  1. Ligaments and tendons
  2. Activity of mitochondrial enzymes (redox) cytochrome c
  3. Melanin synthesis
  4. Mobilization of iron storage
47
Q

copper

deficiency

A

Bound to ceruloplasmin in cell and blood
- Copper deficiency- decreased ceruplasmin
- Transformation deficient: fe2+ fe3+  anemia
Wool structure and pigment loss
Damage in the foetal nervous system
Increased bone fragility
Foal: developmental orthopaedic disease
- Eg. Osteochondrosis dissecans
- Chronic inflammation  copper deficiency

48
Q

copper

toxicosis

A

Calves:
- Very high abs from milk
- Administration of coccidiostat antibiotics increase absorp
Sheep (calves):
1. Pre haemolytic stage: Cu fills up liver storage – no clinical signs
2. Haemolytic phase: liver overloaded, stress, liver damage, copper to blood  damage on blood cells

49
Q

copper

where is it found

A

Cereals in concentrate feed is better than supply from forage
Forages: bound to vegetable lipids
Grains: dicotyledons sunflower

50
Q

copper

control of supply

A

hair

51
Q

fluorine

biological function

A
  1. Formation of tooth enamel – fluoroapatite crystal

2. Bones and teeth

52
Q

fluorine

deficiency

A

rare

53
Q

fluorine

toxicity

A

Accumulation in

- Discoloured teeth, bone

54
Q

fluorine

where is it found

A

High water content or phosphate supplements have high fluoride
1-4 mg/kg

55
Q

fluorine

control of supply

A

Storage in bone and teeth

Excreted in urine

56
Q

iodine

biological function

A
  1. Development of nervous system

2. Biosynthesis of thyroxine

57
Q

iodine

deficiency

A

Deficiency in certain geographical areas
Water nitrate contamination, goitrogen plant
 Goiter, myxedema, difficult reproduction (abnormal foetus, abortion)

58
Q

iodine

where is it found

A

Forages

Drinking water 3-10 ug/kg

59
Q

iodine

control of supply

A

Milk

75% bound to tyrosine in thyroid gland in the hormones

60
Q

iron

biological function

A
  1. Constituent of haemoglobin and myoglobin
  2. Active part of catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome P450
  3. O2 delivery
61
Q

iron

deficiency

A

Piglet: low level in sow colostrum  anemia, cardiac hypertrophy
Calves: less common
Rare in adult animal
Chronic diseases: apparent Fe deficiency (blood loss  iron def)

62
Q

iron

toxicity

A 
Parenteral iron treatment 
-	Cannot limit absorption 
-	Antioxidant pretreatment 
-	Hepatocellular necrosis
Enteral:
-	Chronic: immunosuppression
-	Free radicals, oxidizing lipids and antioxidants
63
Q

iron

where is it found

A

Plant feeds

64
Q

iron

control of supply

A

Storage: liver, bone marrow

65
Q

manganese

biological function

A
  1. Synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and cartilage
  2. Stimulation of denovo cholesterol synthesis: important in females – ovaries produce steroids
  3. Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase
66
Q

manganese

deficiency

A

Developmental abnormalities of the skeletal system
- Part of glucosyl transferase system  cartilage development
- Perosis: slip of achilles tendon, calcaneous deformity
Reproduction:
- Alimentary fertility – number of female foetuses decrease

67
Q

manganese

where is it found

A

Monocotyledon: grasses – sour grass
Dicotyledons: lower amount - alfalfa

68
Q

manganese

control of supply

A

Storage: liver (skin, muscle, bone)
Faeces
Hair: 7 mg/kg

69
Q

molybdenum
biological function
where is it found

A

Required for xanthine oxidase and related oxidases

forages

70
Q

nickel

biological function

A

present in urease

71
Q

selenium

biological function

A
  1. Antioxidant with E-vitamin or separately

2. Glutathione peroxidase

72
Q

selenium

deficiency

A

Secondary hypothyroidism: De dependent deiodases
Broilers: exudative diathesis
Foals, caves, lambs: white muscle disease
Equine nutritional muscle dystrophy
Swine VESD: vitamin E selenium deficiency syndrome
- Hepatic necrosis, esophageal-gastric ulcer and multberry heart

73
Q

selenium

toxicity

A 
Vitamin E + se supplements 
Se accumulating plants – astragallus sp.
Acute:
-	Eq: blind staggers – ataxia, dyspnoe 
-	Ov: garlic odor of expired air
Chronic: “alkali disease”
-	Eq: cracked hooves, hair, tail loss + liver and renal degeneration, lameness
74
Q

selenium

where is it found

A

Forages and grains

75
Q

selenium

control of supply

A

Hair

Enzyme activity glutathione peroxidase

76
Q

sulfur

biological function

A
  1. Minor constituent of fats, body fluids, skeletal minerals
  2. Key component in most proteins - contained in the amino acids methionine and cysteine
  3. Enzyme cofactor
77
Q

sulfur

daily requirements

A

Cattle: 0,20 of DM

  • Dairy: S:N ratio 1:10
  • Beef: S:N ratio 1:15
  • Sheep: S:N ratio 1:7
78
Q

sulfur

deficiency

A

Deficiency: hair and wool

79
Q

sulfur

toxicity

A

Toxicity:

  • Ammonium sulphate  neurological signs
  • Brassica species containing s-dimethyl sulfoxide  haemolytic anemia
80
Q

sulfur

where is it found

A

Forages and grains

81
Q

sulfur

control of supply

A

Excretion: renal

82
Q

zinc

biological function

A
  1. 80 diff zinc-metalloenzymes (carboxypeptidase, liver-alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase)
  2. 20 enzymes activated by zinc
  3. Transport of vitamin A is dependent on zinc, zn defA def
83
Q

zinc

daily requirements

A

40-80 mg/kg DM

84
Q

zinc

deficiency

A 
Parakeratosis: swine and certain ruminants
Problem in reproductive function
Decreased taste, decreased VDMI
Chronic disease cause deficiency 
Canine parakeratosis:
85
Q

zinc

canine parakeratois

A
  • Cereal grain- high phytate, low free fatty acid
  • Generic malabsorption in northern breeds
  • Lethal acrodermatitis in bull terrier
86
Q

zinc

overdose

A

Decreased copper, secondary Fe deficiency

87
Q

zinc

where is it found

A

legumes

88
Q

zinc

control of supply

A

faeces

hair

Nutrition 2020 (11 decks)

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