vitamins Flashcards
b1 function
coenzyme for energy from carbs
functions of biotin, b2, b3 (3)
energy production
nerve health
skin, hair health
functions of B5
energy production
immune support
def sx for B1,2,3,5 & biotin
fatigue
poor concentration
memory loss
B2 def tongue
sore bright pink, ariboflavinosis, cracked mouth - dermatitis/lesion
B3 def tongue
sore, & sore mouth
biotin tongue def
smooth
heavy periods
3 vitamers/functions vit A
retinol - retina
retinal - vision/gene expression
retinoid acid - differentiation epithelial cells/feotal dev
why careful with pregnancy
vitamin A is teratogenic
therapeutics vit a
acne
xeropthalmia
zincs role vit A
makes retinol binding protein
as role with iron
modulates iron metabolism - anaemia
which 2 bs acetyl coA foremation
1 & 5
3 functions B12
methyl donor to folate - energy production/dna synthesis
metabolism of all cells (GI/bone marrow)
lowers homocysteine
which 3 b its lower honocysteine
B12, 9, 6
B12 absorption
stomach - breaks from protein via pepsin
combines with R protein
moves to duodenum released from R
combines with B12 - absorbed distal intestine
B12 insuff/def
beefy tongue - glossitis
neurological disorders
later - megaloblastic anaemia - causes irreversible nerve damage emma’s dad
megaloblastic anaemia sx
shortness of breath
muscle weakness
pale etc
folate absorption/trap
after absorption methyl group added in intestine
Once in cells B12 removes the methyl group and unlocks it
functions folate
blood cells/heam production
DNA synthesis/repair
lowers homocysteine
3 therapeutics folate
anaemia
homocysteine
atherosclerosis
def folate
high homocysteine
weakness depression
high homocysteine
metabolism of B6 dependant on
B2
functions B6
metabolism a/a's - transamination, decarboxylation glycogen > glucose regs steroid hormones - emma's periods regulates homocysteine converts tryptophan > serotonin converts tryptophan to niacin
def b6
smokers! ^ homocysteine a/a metabolism abnormaliyies mood disorders - serotonin PMS - hormones longterm - rosacea
2 forms D
ergocalciferol
cholecalciferol
active form of D3
calcitriol
3 functions D
calcium homestasis
immune modulator
contro loo cell proliferation (angiogenisis)
D therapeutics
MS
Osteomalacia/rickets
cancer
deficiency D
frequent infections
rickets
osteoporosis
LOW blood calcium:
PTH stems synthesis of calcitriol
HIGH blood calcium
thyroid releases calcitonin - inhibits PTH/calcitriol
dietary calcium wasting factors
high protein sugar alcohol caffeine fizzy drinks
non-dietary calcium wasting factors
pregnancy
lactation
what body substance helps calcium absorption
HCL elderly!
calcium absorption lowered by
phytates
oxalic acids
fibre
how does protein ^ calcium excretion
urea is diuretic - ^ excretion
excess a/a decreases kidney absorption
calcium functions
bone mineral density clotting muscle contractibility nerve transmission weight loss
iron storage/transport
1 mucosal ferritin stores iron in mucosal cells small intestine
2 mucosal ferritin transfers to mucosal transferrin
transfers to blood transferrin > rest of body
2 factors that enhance absorption non-ahem iron
C
MFP - meat fish poultry factor
3 nutrients that inhibit iron absoprtion
potatoes
^ calcium
^ dairy
tannic acid - tea/coffee
if high Fe
liver converts ferritin to storage protein hemosiderin releases more slowly
Fe recycling
Fe salvaged from dead RBC in liver
taken to bone marrow for recycling by blood transferrin
when can iron feed bacteria
when it is unbound (needs to be bound to ferritin or transferrin)
Fe functions
in haemoglobin - 4 02 transport
in myoglobin - 02 storage in muscle
cofactor for ETC
Immune regulation
Fe def
apathy
hair loss
pica
iron-def anaemia
fe toxicity called
hemosiderosis same sx as def
iron tips for vegetarians
centre on iron-rich foods - e.g. pulses
don’t waste cals on junk foods that lack iron
avoid tea with meals to avoid tannic acids
avoid ^ dairy - impairs absorption
which type of iron can be carcinogenic and why
ahem iron catalyses formation of carcinogens from all nitrites in processed and natural foods
4 thiamin antogonists
raw fish
tannic acid
blueberries
alcohol
3 cofactors for synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
B2.6 iron
sx pellagra
depression
diarrhoea
dermatitis
dementia
what in the blood can limit C uptake
^ blood glucose
3 nutrients that can be pro-oxidant
C
E
Fe
3 functions C
antioxidant
collagen synthesis
used by adrenals in stress
3 therapeutics C
common cold
atherosclerosis
cancer
4 functions Mg
energy production - ATP!
=Ca - blood clotting
muscle contraction
regs BP
3 nutrients inhibits Zn
phytates
oxalates
polyphenols
which storage protein holds Zn in reserve until body needs it
metallothionein (short term only)
what is enterohepatic Zn circulation
Zn in dig enzymes in pancreas
they are recycled back to pancreas
Zn functions
antioxidant
enzymes
cell-mediated immunity
sperm formation
therapeutic uses Zn
acne
cold
male infertility
Zn def
low taste/smell
^ colds/infections
poor wound healing
alcohol intoleranc
3 functions selenium
makes t3 from t4
antioxidant via glutathione peroxidase
cancer protection
deficiency of selenium can contribute to what other def
iodine
copper req for which 3 systems
immune
NS
CV
2 minerals restrict utilisation copper
Zn
Fwe
Iodine function
part of thyroid hormone
what food processed removes almost all chromium
refining whole grains
therapeutic chromium
weight los
diabetes
2 types E
tocotrienols
tocopherols
functions E
heart - cholesterol
skin
antioxidant
C and what other nutrient rejuvenates oxidised E
selenium via glutathione peroxidase
which food processing reduced E by 80%
milling flour
K1 & K2
1 - phylloquinone
2 - menaquinone - make ourselves
2 functions K
blood clotting
bone protein formation