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Exam tips Nutrition 1 > biochem > Flashcards

biochem Flashcards

1
Q

def of matter

A

everything around us
has mass
occupies space

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2
Q

def of atoms

A

small particles of matter

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3
Q

what is an element made of

A

1 type of atom

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4
Q

how many elements in body

A

26

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5
Q

4 major elements in body

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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6
Q

protons charge

A

+

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7
Q

neutrons charge

A

0

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8
Q

electrons charge

A

-

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9
Q

location of protons

A

nucleus of atom

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10
Q

location of protons

A

nucleus of atom

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11
Q

location of electron

A

electron shell

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12
Q

mass of proton, electron, nrutron

A

proton 1
neutron 1
electron - no mass

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13
Q

what is a stable element

A

equal no of protons, neutrons, electrons

overall neutral charge

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14
Q

what does atomic no tell us about a neutral element

A

no of protons and neutrons

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15
Q

how do you work out the no of electrons from the mass no

A

mass no - atomic no = electron no

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16
Q

in periodic table mass or atomic no is always bigger

A

mass

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17
Q

C 6, 12, how many P, E, N

A

6 P & N, 6 E

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18
Q

H2, 3, how many P, E, N

A

2 P, 2 E, 1 N

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19
Q

Cl 35, 17 how many P, E, N

A

17 P & E, 18 N

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20
Q

atoms of same element with diff no.s of neutrons in nucleus are called

A

Isotopes

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21
Q

do Isotopes have same charge & mass

A

same charge

different mass

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22
Q

Why does Chlorine in periodic table have atomic mass of 35.5

A

is average of two isotopes

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23
Q

the bonding properties of an element depend on what

A

no. electrons in outer shell

electron shells like to be full!

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24
Q

process of giving/gaining electrons is

A

ionisation

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25
Q

removal of electrons is

A

oxidation

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26
Q

what happens to potential energy in oxidation

A

decreased

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27
Q

most oxidation is a removal of

A

hydrogen

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28
Q

removal of H is what reaction

A

dehydrogenation

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29
Q

gaining electrons is what

A

reduction reduced

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30
Q

what happens to energy in reduction

A

increased

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31
Q

If a molecule gains H it is usually what

A

reduced

32
Q

oxidation + reduction is what reaction

A

redox reaction

33
Q

what are free raducals

A

molecules/compounds with unpaired electron in outer shell

34
Q

how to free radicals cause damage

A

cause oxidation as steal other electrons, leaving other molecules with unpaired electrons - a chain reaction of oxidative damage

35
Q

where do free radicals come from

A 
aerobic respiration
inflammation
X rays
smoking
alcohol etc
36
Q

how do chain-breaking antioxidants work

A

by donating electrons to free radicals, converting them to harmless molecules

37
Q

4 ex chain-breaking antioxidants

A

Vit A, E
Betacarotene
Glutathione

38
Q

2 main types of bond

A

Electrocovalance/ionic (electron donation)

Covalent (electron sharing)

39
Q

Electron pulling power is known as

A

electronegativity

40
Q

2 electro-negative elements

A

oxygen

nitrogen

41
Q

what are polar bonds

A

electronegative element joins with a different element
pulls electrons toward them
uneven charge

42
Q

what type of bonds do hydrophilic molecules have

A

polar - dissolve easily in water (alcohol)

43
Q

what type of bonds do hydrophobic molecules have

A

non-polar covalent - don’t dissolve

fats

44
Q

what is an electrolyte

A

ionic compound dissolved in a solution

45
Q

3 reasons why electrolytes are important to the body

A

conduction of electricity essential for nerve/muscle function
exert osmotic pressure, essential for water balance
can act as pH buffers

46
Q

what is an acid

A

substance that releases H+ ions in solution

47
Q

what is a base

A

substance binds to H ions in a solution creating OH-

48
Q

H+ low pH

A

Acid

49
Q

OH- high pH

A

base

50
Q

how is acidity measured

A

by no of Hydrogen ions in a solution

51
Q

what pH is water

A

neutral

pH 7

52
Q

Acid + Base =

A

salt + water

53
Q

how do buffers work

A

some bind to H+
others bind to OH-
prevent damaging changes in pH

54
Q

Is energy ever lost

A

no. will only change state

55
Q

where is chemical energy stored

A

in bonds between atoms

56
Q

4 states of matter

A

solid
liquid
gas
plasma

57
Q

solid shape/volume

A

definite shape and volume

58
Q

liquid shape/volume

A

definite volume, shape of container

59
Q

gases shape/volume

A

indefinite shape/volume

60
Q

solid particles

A

fixed
close together
vibrate

61
Q

liquid particles

A

mobile
close together
move slowly

62
Q

gases particles

A

far apart

move fast

63
Q

changes of state occur with

A

addition of energy

64
Q

chemical reactions, starting materials:

A

reactants

65
Q

chemical reactions end products:

A

products

66
Q

how does endothermic reaction work

A

takes in heat

uses heat for energy

67
Q

how does exothermic reaction work

A

releases heat

68
Q

what is energy of activation

A

min. temp. req. for chemical reaction

69
Q

how does catalyst work

A

speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy

70
Q

what act antagonistically to catalysts

A

inhibitors

71
Q

anabolic reactions do what

A

build up
take in heat
endothermic

72
Q

catabolic reactions do what

A

breakdown
release heat/energy
exothermic

73
Q

when water catabolises molecule it is what reaction

A

hydrolysis reaction

74
Q

when water is a waste product of a reaction its a

A

dehydration synthesis reaction

75
Q

when synthesis and decomposition in same reaction it is a

A

exchange reaction

76
Q

are some chemical reactions also reversible

A

yes

Exam tips Nutrition 1 (11 decks)

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