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NUT1009 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal body functioning and metabolic integrity.

Essential for life and well-being.

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2
Q

What are the two main classifications of vitamins?

A

Water-soluble and fat-soluble.

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3
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Directly to blood.

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4
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins transported in the body?

A

Via lymph through chylomicrons.

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5
Q

What is the storage method for water-soluble vitamins?

A

Not stored (except B12), circulate freely.

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6
Q

What is a key characteristic of vitamins?

A

Easily destroyed by cooking and processing.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Deficiencies can be _______.

A

fatal.

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8
Q

What is the excretion method for water-soluble vitamins?

A

Unchanged via urine.

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9
Q

What are some preferred cooking methods for retaining water-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Steaming
  • Stir-fry
  • Microwave
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10
Q

What are enzyme cofactors?

A

Non-protein molecules (e.g., vitamins) required for enzyme activity.

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11
Q

What is the typical intake of thiamine (B1) in the UK?

A

2.0-2.3 mg/d.

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12
Q

What is the primary function of thiamine (B1)?

A

Coenzyme necessary for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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13
Q

What condition is associated with thiamine deficiency?

A

Beriberi.

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14
Q

True or False: Riboflavin (B2) is a significant public health problem.

A

False.

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15
Q

What is the primary source of niacin?

A

Protein sources (beef, pork, chicken).

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16
Q

What disease is caused by niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra.

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17
Q

What is the typical intake of pyridoxine (B6) in the UK?

A

2.9-3.3 mg/d.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Folic acid (B9) is involved in converting homocysteine to _______.

A

methionine.

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19
Q

What is the primary function of cobalamin (B12)?

A

Co-enzyme in the transfer of 1C groups.

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20
Q

What is the consequence of cobalamin (B12) deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia.

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21
Q

What is the typical intake of pantothenic acid (B5) in the UK?

A

No RNI established.

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22
Q

What are some food sources of biotin?

A
  • Liver
  • Eggs
  • Dairy products
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23
Q

What condition can arise from biotin deficiency?

A

Scaly dermatitis.

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24
Q

What is the typical intake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the UK?

A

Not specified in the provided text.

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25
Q

What is the main metabolic function of riboflavin (B2)?

A

Metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into glucose.

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Vitamin B6 is involved in the synthesis of _______.

A

neurotransmitters.

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27
Q

What is the role of folic acid in DNA synthesis?

A

Involved in purine synthesis.

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28
Q

What is the primary source of vitamin B12?

A

Animal products (meat, eggs, dairy).

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29
Q

What can excessive intake of niacin lead to?

A

Liver damage.

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30
Q

True or False: Toxicity is possible with water-soluble vitamins.

A

True.

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31
Q

What is acetyl-CoA involved in?

A

Carboxylation and elongation of PUFA hydrocarbon chain

Acetyl-CoA is a central metabolite in various biochemical pathways.

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32
Q

What is biotin deficiency commonly associated with?

A

Long-term total parenteral nutrition, consumption of >12 raw eggs/day

Avidin in raw egg whites binds biotin, leading to deficiency.

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33
Q

What are common symptoms of biotin deficiency?

A
  • Scaly dermatitis
  • Glossitis
  • Alopecia (hair loss)

No RNI established for biotin.

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34
Q

Why can’t humans synthesize vitamin C?

A

Lack the enzyme gulonolactone oxidase

This enzyme is a result of mutations in the gene coding for it.

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35
Q

What is the typical intake of vitamin C in the UK?

A

30-90 mg/d

Vitamin C is highly absorbed (80-95%) from food.

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36
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin C?

A
  • Co-enzyme in collagen synthesis
  • Hydroxylation of dopamine
  • Synthesis of carnitine
  • Enhances absorption of iron

Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant.

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37
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency disease

Symptoms include bleeding gums, weakness, and hyperkeratosis.

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38
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin C toxicity?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Kidney oxalate stone formation

High doses of vitamin C (1-10 g/d) may lead to these issues.

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39
Q

What is carnitine’s role in the body?

A

Transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation

Carnitine is synthesized in the body.

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40
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins characterized?

A

Found in fat/oily parts of food, require fat absorption, stored in body lipid fractions

Excess accumulation can be harmful.

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41
Q

What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin K

These vitamins are absorbed differently than water-soluble vitamins.

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42
Q

What are the sources of pre-formed vitamin A?

A
  • Retinol
  • Retinal
  • Retinoic acid
  • Retinyl esters

Main sources include animal products like liver and fish.

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43
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness
  • Xerophthalmia
  • Increased susceptibility to infections

Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health issue in some regions.

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44
Q

What is the acute toxicity level for retinol in adults?

A

> 200 mg

Symptoms include vomiting, blurred vision, and irritability.

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45
Q

What is the primary source of vitamin D from food?

A
  • Cholecalciferol (D3) - animal sources
  • Ergocalciferol (D2) - plant sources

Vitamin D can also be synthesized in the skin with sunlight.

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46
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin D?

A
  • Plasma calcium homeostasis
  • Enhances calcium absorption
  • Mobilizes bone mineral

Vitamin D is crucial for bone health.

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47
Q

What are the signs of vitamin D deficiency in children?

A
  • Rickets
  • Poor mineralization of bones

Rickets is characterized by delayed growth and irregular growth plates.

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48
Q

What food sources are high in vitamin E?

A
  • Wheatgerm oil
  • Almonds
  • Sunflower seeds
  • Hazelnuts

Vitamin E is primarily found in plant oils.

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49
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin E?

A
  • Anti-oxidant
  • Maintains cell membrane integrity

Vitamin E protects cells from oxidative damage.

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50
Q

What are the two bioactive forms of vitamin K?

A
  • Vitamin K1 (phylloquinones)
  • Vitamin K2 (menaquinones)

Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism.

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51
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • Poor blood clotting
  • Haemorrhagic disease

Newborns are often given vitamin K injections to prevent deficiency.

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52
Q

What is the recommended intake for vitamin K in the UK?

A

0.5–1.0 µg/kg/day

Difficult to induce deficiency through diet alone.

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53
Q

What are vitamins

A

Organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal functioning and maintenance of metabolic integrity

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54
Q

Can vitamins be synthesised in the body

A

No

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55
Q

How are water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins absorbed

A

Water- directly to blood
Fat- lymph via chylomicrons

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56
Q

Which type of vitamins require a transport carrier

A

Fat soluble

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57
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins stored

A

In cells (adipose, liver) with fat

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58
Q

Are water soluble vitamins stored

A

No except for, B12, they circulate freely

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59
Q

How are water soluble vitamins excreted

A

In urine

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60
Q

What are the requirements for water soluble vitamins

A

2-3 days

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61
Q

What are the requirements for fat soluble vitamins

A

Every week

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62
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed into

A

Hepatic portal vein

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63
Q

What are vitamers

A

Chemically related compounds with the same biological activity

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64
Q

What are enzyme co factors

A

An additional other non-protein molecule e.g. vitamins that aids enzyme function

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65
Q

What is an enzyme without a cofactor

A

Apoenzymes

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66
Q

What is an enzyme with a cofactor

A

Holoenzyme

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67
Q

What is vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

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68
Q

What are the sources of B1/thiamine

A

Pork, meat, fish, potatoes, whole grain cereals, yeast, pulse, nuts, flour and fortified breads

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69
Q

What are the functions of thiamine

A

Food metabolism
Coenzyme in macronutrient metabolism
Cellular respiration and fatty acid oxidation
Energy production in mitochondria and protein synthesis
Nervous function and neurotransmitter synthesis

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70
Q

What are the two types of thiamine deficiency

A

Wet and dry

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71
Q

What are wet thiamine deficiencies

A

Cardiac effects

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72
Q

What are dry thiamine deficiencies

A

Neurological effects

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73
Q

What are specific outcomes of thiamine deficiency

A

Beriberi, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

74
Q

How much thiamine could be toxic

A

> 3g/day

75
Q

What are symptoms of thiamine toxicity

A

Headache, insomnia, weakness, tachycardia, pruritis, allergic reaction

76
Q

What are sources of riboflavin/B2

A

Milk/dairy, eggs, liver and kidney, yeast, fortified cereals and fish

77
Q

What is the function of riboflavin/B2

A

Metabolism of CHO, fats and protein in glucose, coenzyme in metabolic pathways (FAD), metabolises drugs, iron and vitB6, needed for niacin synthesis, antioxidant, RBC synthesis

78
Q

What are the effects of riboflavin deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis, dermatitis, low metabolic rate, cheilosis, stomatitis, desquamation of tongue, vascularisation of cornea, malaria resistance, pooor growth neonates

79
Q

What are the 2 forms of niacin

A

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

80
Q

What amino acid can niacin be synthesised from

A

Tryptophan

81
Q

What are the sources of niacin

A

Beef, pork, chicken, eggs, milk, coffee beans, soaked maize

82
Q

What are the functions of niacin

A

Functional part of NAD, protein metabolism, coenzyme in carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol metabolism, DNA repair, calcium mobilisation, fatty acid and steroid synthesis, precursor to coenzyme NAD, involved in antioxidant systems

83
Q

What are the effects of niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia, death)

84
Q

How much niacin is considered toxic

A

> 500mg/d (liver), >1-6g/d

85
Q

What are the several forms of B6

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and phosphorylated form of all three

86
Q

What are the sources of B6

A

Meat, whole grain and fortified cereals, banana, nuts, pulses

87
Q

What are the functions of B6

A

Food metabolism, cofactor for glycogenolysis, transanimation and decarboxylation of AA, neurotransmitter synthesis, heme synthesis, steroid hormone regulation

88
Q

What are the effects of B6 deficiency

A

Disorders of AA metabolism and hormone dependent cancers

89
Q

How much B6 is considered toxic

A

2-7g/d- sensory neuropathy and 200mg/d for peripheral neuropath6 and muscle weakness

90
Q

What are the two forms of folic acid/B9

A

Folic acid and folate

91
Q

What are sources of folic acid

A

Brussel sprouts, kale, spinach, pulses and enriched flour

92
Q

What are the functions of B9/folic acid

A

Conenzyme in C1 group transfer, conversion of homocysteine to methionine, purine synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis

93
Q

What are the effects of folic acid deficiency

A

Megloblastic anaemia(abnormally large RBC), neural tube defects, hyperhomocysteinemia (thrombosis, hypertension)

94
Q

How much folic acid is considered toxic

A

> 400 micrograms a day

95
Q

What are sources of colalamin/B12

A

Meat, eggs, milk, dairy, fish, yeast

96
Q

What are the metabolic functions of cobalamin

A

Coenzyme in c1 transfer, folic acid metabolism, myelination of nerves

97
Q

How are cobalamin and folic acid conserved in the body

A

Enterohepatic circulation

98
Q

What are the effects of cobalamin/B12 deficiency

A

Impaired digestion and absorption, pernicious anaemia, increased methylmalonic acid excretion

99
Q

What are sources of pantothenic acid/B5

A

Yeast, offal, meat, green veg, peanuts

100
Q

What are the functions of B5/pantothenic acid

A

Functional part of coenzyme A, dietary CHO,fat and protein metabolism, carrier of acetyl groups, cholesterol, steroid hormone, LCFA, Ach, heme, melatonin and vit A and D synthesis, fatty acid carrier

101
Q

What are the effects of pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Peripheral nerve damage (burning foot syndrome)

102
Q

What are the forms of Biotin/ vitamin H

A

Biotin, biocytin, carboxy-biocytin

103
Q

What are the sources of biotin

A

Liver, kidney, milk/dairy, eggs

104
Q

Where is biotin synthesised

A

Intestinal microflora

105
Q

What are the functions of biotin/H

A

Coenzyme in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis, coenzyme in metabolism of branched chain AA

106
Q

What are the effects of biotin deficiency

A

Dermatitis, glossitis, alopecia, impaired fat and CHO metabolism

107
Q

What are the 3 forms of vitamin C

A

Ascorbate, ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbste

108
Q

Why can’t humans synthesis vitamin C

A

Lack enzyme gulonolactone oxidase due to mutation in gene that codes for enzyme

109
Q

What are sources of vitamin C

A

Fruits and vegetables

110
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C

A

Coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in collagen synthesis, dopamine hydroxylation, carnitine synthesis, bile synthesis, protein c modification, antioxidant, high protein-oxidant conc, iron absorption enhancer

111
Q

What are the effects of vit C deficiency

A

Scurvy (impaired wound healing, bleeding gums, fatigue, hyper keratosis, subcutaneous haemorrhage, loss of dental cement) and anaemia

112
Q

How much vitamin C can prevent scurvy symptoms

A

10mg/d

113
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin C toxicity

A

Diarrhoea, kidney oxalate stone formation

114
Q

What are considered toxic does of vitamin C

A

1-10g/d

115
Q

What is the function of carnitine

A

LCFA transport

116
Q

What is the function of choline and inositol

A

Component of membrane phospholipids

117
Q

What is the function of taurine

A

Bile salts

118
Q

What is the function of ubiquinone

A

Electron carrier and antioxidant

119
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E and K

120
Q

What are the preforms of vitamin A

A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl esters, carotene and carotenoid compounds, pro vitamin A

121
Q

Which form of vitamin A is the storage form

A

Retinyl esters

122
Q

Which form of vitamin A is cleaved to form retinal

A

Pro-vitamin A

123
Q

What are the sources of vitamin A

A

Vegetables, meat and liver, fats, milk

124
Q

What is the function of retinal

A

Rhodopsin production, vision in dim light

125
Q

What is the function of retinoic acid

A

Growth, cell differentiation, immune responses , embryogenesis, interact with DNA (nuclear acting)

126
Q

What is the function of beta carotene

A

Antioxidant

127
Q

What are the effects of vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness, xerophthalmia, skin keratinisation, increased susceptibility to inefectiohs disease, link to anaemia

128
Q

What are the effects of vitamin A toxicity

A

Vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, blurred vision, headche, muscle and bone pain, skin disorders, alopecia, ataxia, liver toxicity, hyperlipidemia

129
Q

What is considered acute vitamin A toxicity

A

> 200mg

130
Q

What is considered chronic vitamin A toxicity

A

> 10mg/month

131
Q

What is the upper limit intake of vitamin A in pregnancy

A

> 3mg/day

132
Q

What are the two bioactive forms of vitamin K

A

Vitamin K1 and K2

133
Q

What are the sources of vitamin K

A

Phylloquinones, menaquinones, green leafy veg, vegetable oils, eggs, meat, dairy

134
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K

A

Coenzyme in protein synthesis for proteins in blooding clotting and bone metabolism, synthesis of y-carboxyglutamic acid in liver (essential for enzymes in blood coagulation), bone matrix (osteocalcin)

135
Q

What are the effects of vitamin K deficiency

A

Poor blood clotting/low prothrombin activity, haemorrhagic disease, obstructive jaundice, blocked vitamin K recycling in liver

136
Q

What are the effects of vitamin K toxicity

A

Liver overload and brain toxicity

137
Q

Which vitamins do not have an RNI

A

Vitamin K, biotin/vitamin H, vitamin E, pantothenic acid

138
Q

What is the safe intake of vitamin K

A

0.5-1 micrograms/kg/d

139
Q

What are the forms of vitamin E

A

Tocopherols, tocotrienols

140
Q

What are the sources of vitamin E

A

Wheat germ oil, almonds, sunflower seeds and oil, safflower oil, hazelnuts, peanuts and peanut butter, cod oil

141
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E

A

Antioxidant, cell membrane maintenance and protection, regulated prostaglandin synthesis, DNA synthesis

142
Q

What are the effects of vitamin E deficiency

A

Neurological dysfunction, reduced tendon reflexes, loss of touch and pain sensations, impaired coordination, unsteady gait,

143
Q

What are the effects of vitamin E toxicity

A

Antagonistic to vitamin A,D and K, headaches, nausea, muscle weakness, double vision, creatinuria, gastrointestinal disturbances

144
Q

How much vitamin E is considered toxic

A

> 900mg/kg

145
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol (D3) - animal
Ergocalciferol (D2)- plant

146
Q

What can vitamin D be synthesised from in skin

A

7-dehydrocholestrol (and UVB sunlight)

147
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D

A

Calcium homeostasis, mobilisation of bone minerals, teeth and bone mineralisation, inhibits cell proliferation in some cancers

148
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (irregular growth plates), osteomalacia, impaired immune function

149
Q

What 5 factors are associated with rickets

A

High latitude, lack of sunlight exposure (overcrowding, social customs, clothing, pollution), imfants with mothers who were vit D deficient during pregnancy, low dietary calcium intake, increased melanin pigmentation

150
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D toxicity

A

hypercalciemia, thirst, anorexia, soft tissue calcification, urinary calcium stones

151
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D toxicity

A

hypercalciemia, thirst, anorexia, soft tissue calcification, urinary calcium stones

152
Q

Which vitamins do NOT have a defined recommended nutrient intake (RNI)?

A

Vitamin K, vitamin E, Biotin, pantothenic acid

153
Q

Which B vitamin can be synthesised from AA tryptophan

A

Niacin

154
Q

Which vitamins have an additional requirement during pregnancy

A

Thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin C and A

155
Q

Which vitamin is pro oxidant at high concentrations

A

Vitamin C

156
Q

What two vitamin deficiency can result in megaloblastic anaemia

A

Folic acid and cobalamin

157
Q

Which B vitamins requires parietal cells in the stomach to secrete intrinsic factor to aid its absorption in the small intestine?

A

Cobalamin

158
Q

Which vitamins does NOT have an additional requirement during lactation?

A

B6

159
Q

Which TWO of the fat-soluble vitamins does NOT have a defined recommended nutrient intake (RNI)?

A

K and E

160
Q

Which of the forms of vitamin A enables vision in dim light?

A

Retinal

161
Q

Which vitamins act as anti-oxidants?

A

Vitamin C, riboflavin/B2, vitamin E

162
Q

Which form of vitamin A interacts with DNA to regulate gene transcription?

A

Retinoic acid

163
Q

Which vitamin is required for effective blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

164
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is linked to veganism

A

Cobalamin

165
Q

Name TWO environmental factors that can affect the skin biosynthesis of vitamin D

A

Pollution, latitude

166
Q

Name social factors that can affect the skin biosynthesis of vitamin D

A

Clothing, overcrowding, social cultural religious customs

167
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia can be caused by a deficiency in either

A

Folate, cobalamin

168
Q

Name micronutrients white flour is fortified with

A

Folic acid, thiamine, niacin

169
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol inhibits the absorption of which B vitamins?

A

Thiamine

170
Q

Which B vitamins can be stored in the body?

A

Cobalamin

171
Q

Which B vitamins can be stored in the body?

A

Cobalamin

172
Q

What are bibots spots, keratomalacia and xerophthalamia associated with

A

Vitamin A deficiency

173
Q

What are osteomalacia and rickets associated with

A

Vitamin D deficiency

174
Q

What is haemorrhaging disease associated with

A

Vitamin K deficiency

175
Q

What is pellagra associated with

A

Niacin deficiency

176
Q

What is neural tube defects associated with

A

Folic acid deficiency

177
Q

What is cheilosis associated with

A

Riboflavin deficiency

178
Q

What is consumption of maize associated with

A

Pellagra/ niacin deficiency

179
Q

What is burning foot syndrome associated with

A

Pantothenic acid deficiency/ severe malnutrition

180
Q

What is long term parenteral nutrition associated with

A

Glossitis/ biotin deficiency

181
Q

Name biological factors that can increase the risk of developing rickets.

A

Deficiency during pregnancy, prolonged breastfeeding, increased melanin pigment, lack of sunlight, low dietary calcium

NUT1009 (11 decks)

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